LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



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^SLIBORniA*-- 

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All About the Golden State. 




How to Go There, Topography, Climate, Soil, 
Products, Prices of Lands, 
Cost of Living, Etc. 



CLIMATIC AND OTHER MAP 8. 



Copyrighted and Published by 
THE ALTHROP PUBLISHING AND MAILING HOUSE , CHICAGO 
PRICE, 25 CENTS. 



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PREFACE. 



The following pages have been prepared with the idea of 
meeting the rapidly increasing demand for information con- 
cerning California. It is the purpose to state facts as they 
will be found upon investigation to exist. Particular atten- 
tion has been given to those contemplating taking up a resi- 
dence in California, and to tourists in search of health or 
pleasure. It also serves as an introduction to strangers, and 
besides, contains much matter of interest to the general 
reader. 




CALIFORNIA. 



California, the second largest State in the Union, has an area of 100,500,000 
acres, and contains a population of but little over 1,000,000. The State extends 
in a northwesterly and southeasterly direction about 750 miles, with an 
average breadth north of Monterey of 200 miles, and south of] that point, of 
300 miles. 

The two prominent physical features, extending through nearly the entire 
length of the State are the Sierra Nevada Mountains on the eastern border, and 
the low Coast Range, or rather, belt of ranges bordering the sea coast on the 
west. Between the two, lies the great valley of California, drained from the 
northward by the Sacramento, and from the southward by the San Joaquin 
rivers, and these uniting near the middle of the length of the valley, pass west- 
ward into San Francisco Bay, and thence to the Pacific Ocean. The two rivers 
receive nearly all their water from the Sierra Nevadas, the streams flowing 
seaward from the Coast Range being insignificant. 

The climate, which has attracted tourists, health- seekers, and emigrants from 
the Eastern-States and Europe, is undoubtedly the best in the world. The 
climatic influence of the Japanese current ("Kuro Sivo" or "Gulf Stream of the 
Pacific ") along the coast of California, is felt throughout the State. This im- 
mense river in the Pacific Ocean is heated by the equatorial sun; flows due north, 
and at the Aleutian Islands courses to the west coast of America; thence run- 
ning south and along the shore line of California, its softening effect extending 
about two hundred miles inland. During the winter months this advantage is 
fully appreciated, and accounts for the mild and even temperature. From 
these causes the mean temperature of the entire State is nearly equal the year 
round. In summer, the northwest trade winds blowing from the arctic region 
cools the atmosphere, which would otherwise be excessively hot. 

Those who have never visited the central and upper part of California, enter- 
tain the idea that the fine climate of the State exists only in Southern Cali- 
fornia. This is an error, for as far north as Redding, Shasta County, the differ- 
ence in temperature is so slight as to be hardly perceptible. Many are astonished 
when told of oranges and other tropical fruits being grown throughout the 
State, when in fact, there are but few places in California, where all fruits will 
not grow and do well, and it is also a fact, that the oranges grown in Colusa, 
Sacramento, Butte and Shasta Counties, ripen as early as November 1st, two 
months in advance of Los Angeles, Riverside, Colton and other southern Cali- 
fornia points. A glance at the "Climatic Map" of California compiled from of- 
ficial sources, will demonstrate this much better than words will explain it. 
Among the Sacramento and San Joaquin valley foothills of both Sierra Nevada 



— 4 — 



and Coast Ranges, is found the most delightful climate in the world, a veritable 
paradise; free from chilly winds, fogs or malaria, and with a pure and invigor- 
ating atmosphere. The length of the Sacramento valley from its extreme, a 
few miles above Red Bluff, Tehama County, to the Calaveras river, in San 
Joaquin County is about 160 miles. From a width of about 7 miles opposite 
Red Bluff the valley widens to about 15 miles near the Tehama line, and then 
suddenly expands westward, assuming its average width of about 40 miles, and 
at Suisun Bay its maximum width of 60 miles. It is well watered by tributaries 
of the Sacramento River, among which are the Pitt, Feather, McCloud and 
American Rivers. These are all quite large and flow from the Sierras. There 
are also many smaller streams affording ample water supply at all seasons. 
The Sacramento River is navigable from San Francisco to Colusa and Red Bluff 
the entire year, a distance of about 225 miles. The head waters abound in trout, 
and salmon are taken throughout its entire length. Water can be found any- 
where in the valley at a depth of from 10 to 30 feet. There are few artesian 
wells in the valley, being quite unnecessary, as the rainfall averages from 20 
to 35 inches annually, it being sufficient for all purposes. The rainy season 
commences about November and ends in March, but frequently it rains In April, 
May and October. Among the Sacramento valley counties are Sacramento, 
El Dorado, Placer, Butte, Tehama, Shasta, Siskiyou, Colusa, Lake, Napa, 
Solano, Yolo, Sutter, Yuba and Nevada. Besides having a navigable river, 
Sacramento valley is well supplied with railroads. The California and Oregon 
runs from Sacramento northward on the east bank of the river, and at Tehama 
forms a junction with the California Northern running on the west side of the 
river from Davis. The California Pacific runs from San Francisco to Sacra- 
mento, also the main line of the Central Pacific. The Sacramento and Placer- 
ville Railroad Branch, runs from Sacramento to Placerville, a district noted for 
its famous mines, and of late for its productiveness of citrus fruits. There is 
also a line from Woodland to Knights' Landing, a short line from Marys ville 
to Oroville, and several other lines now in course of construction, penetrating 
Lake, Mendocino and other counties, and furnishing ample facilities for travel- 
ing and transportation of freights of all kind. 

The San Joaquin valley is so great in extent that a more detailed description 
would be necessary, and then would but partially do it justice. The valley ex- 
tends from Caliente on the south, to Stockton on the north, a distance of over 
two hundred and fifty miles, and will average 60 miles in width. On the east 
side are the Sierra Nevada Mountains reaching an altitude of from 7000 to 15,000 
feet above the sea level; on the south are the Tehachepi Mountains about 3000 
feet and on the west are the Coast Range, also about 3000 feet. The San Joa- 
quin River courses 150 miles through the valley, and is over 300 miles in length 
from the source to its confluence with the Sacramento. There are also the 
Stanislaus, Cressey, Kings and Kern Rivers and many smaller streams. Through 
the center of this great valley the Southern Pacific Railroad passes to and fro. 
Also their line from Goshen to Huron in the Mussel Slough country, and a 
branch from Berenda to Raymond. Other roads are now being constructed. 
There are many canals, irrigating ditches and artesian wells in the valley. The 
Raisins grown in this district are superior in size, quality and flavor. The 
climate and soil of the valley seems particularly adapted to the growth and pro- 
duction of all kinds of fruits and berries, producing fruit of excellent flavor in 
three years from time of planting. It is warm and healthful, and no matter 
how warm it may be during the day, blankets will be found necessary at night. 
In winter men work in their shirt-sleeves, the same as during summer. 



When buying land in California, you not only buy the land, but also the 
climate, the mildness of which is unequaled anywhere in the United States. 
In San Joaquin Valley and adjacent thereto, are San Joaquin, Calaveras, Tuo- 
lume, Stanislaus, Tulare, Fresno, and Kern Counties. Between the valley and 
the ocean are Santa Clara, Monterey, San Benito, San Luis Obispo, Santa Cruz, 
San Mateo, Contra Costa, and Alameda Counties. In any county named you 
can grow semi-tropical fruits, cereals, and vegetables of all kinds. An acre of 
valley land will raise from twenty-four to forty bushels of wheat. Oranges 
bear in eight years, and will net from $300 to $500 per acre. Grapes bear in 
three years, and net about $200 per acre. All kinds of fruit are full-bearing in 
four years, netting about $250 per acre. You will have more than two hun- 
dred and twenty-five sunshiny days in the year, and the thermometer will 
never register as low as thirty degrees above zero. It is not necessary to store 
feed for stock in winter, there being always an abundance of wild oats, and 
succulent grass. Heavy overcoats, overshoes, or ear-muffs are never worn; 
the ground never freezes, and cyclones or blizzards are things unknown to 
California. There is no month in the entire year but when a boquet of roses 
can be picked. Land can be bought for $3.00 per acre and upwards, and forty 
acres of land in California is worth more than one hundred and sixty acres of 
agricultural land in Iowa, Illinois, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Min- 
nesota, or, in fact, any State east of the Rocky Mountains. Orange trees cost 
from twenty-five cents to one dollar a tree, and miscellaneous fruits from 
fifteen to twenty-five cents per tree. Grape cuttings can be bought at eight to 
twenty dollars per thousand. 

Considering permanently locating in California, it is first to be ascertained 
just what the stranger desires to engage in. If it be raising fruit, the land 
must be fertile, and where, for a moderate sum, enough land can be secured 
to work with profit. A man of family needs twenty to forty acres, which can 
be bought at from twenty to one hundred dollars per acre, paying therefor 
one-third cash, balance in one, two, and three years. To build a comfortable 
house it will cost, say, seven hundred dollars. (This amount may be increased 
or diminished, according to circumstances). Horse, wagon, and harness will 
cost about two hundred and fifty dollars. Farm implements, one hundred 
dollars. Provisions and supplies cost according to economical ideas of the 
housewife. With two thousand dollars cash on arriving in California, you 
have ample means to buy and farm twenty or forty acres in fruit or vines un- 
til time of bearing. In six years' time twenty acres of fruit will produce an 
income of two thousand to five thousand dollars annually, and forty acres an 
income of four thousand to ten thousand dollars. You raise your own wheat, 
hay, oats, corn, and vegetables between your trees. Working twenty or forty 
acres in California is infinitely better than one hundred acres in Illinois, Iowa, 
or Minnesota, where, from May until November, you till the soil, the other 
five months being devoted to chopping and hauling wood for your blazing 
fire, rendered necessary by the blizzards and cold waves. Parties buying a 
large tract of land can have an artesian well sunk for about seven hundred and 
fifty to one thousand dollars, when irrigation is necessary. A well of this 
size will throw enough water to the surface to irrigate a whole section. Land 
in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys can be purchased from ten to one 
hundred and fifty dollars per acre, and on the foothills and mountains from 
three dollars and upwards. In the Southern California counties, the really 
good lands are limited in extent, and prices are considerably higher than 
in other parts of the state. Too much can not be said in favor of the 



climate. At Redding, Shasta County, it is as salubrious as in Los Angeles.' 
You can always plow your ground, summer or winter, and another particular 
pomt, is the limited quantity of fuel that is necessary. Garden vegetables, 
such as lectuce, radishes, top onions, etc. , are freshly gathered from gardens 
every month in the year. Young potatoes are at market in January and Feb- 
ruary, and cherries ripen in some localities as early as April, notably, at Vaca- 
ville (Sacramento valley). In the foothills of the Sierras, at OrovilJe and Au- 
burn, you are positively free from fogs or cold winds, and the air is filled with 
the resinous perfume of the stately pines, which also grow in abundance all 
along the Sierras and foothills. To those suffering from pulmonary disease and 
the like, California's foothills and mountains almost guarantee certain perma- 
nent cure, while for the pleasure-seeker and tourist no grander scenery exists. 
It is as varied as it is extensive; lofty mountains, their peaks clothed in a man- 
tle of perpetual snow, their sides covered with dark green redwood and • pine 
trees, and seamed here and there with deep canyons; little rills of sparkling 
water, murmuring gently on their down-path toward the valleys; lower down 
the foothills roll in wavelike formation until they merge into the valleys beyond. 
The hills are covered with trees and verdure, while orchards and vinyards, 
roses, and bright red geraniums can be seen growing profusely about the farm- 
houses everywhere. The saving of clothing in one year, as compared with 
tiost of same in the Eastern states, will more than pay the cost of fare to Cali- 
fornia. Certainly, the comfort of living in a climate such as this, is an im- 
portant consideration to the home-seeker. 

The soil is of various kinds. Along the foothills it is strong, brown, and red 
in color, and very productive for fruits, berries, olives, etc. In the valleys it 
is a rich, sandy, black loam, which is seemingly everlasting, and produces 
largely. The use of any fertilizer in California, is unknown. Persons purch- 
asing lands in localities where there are irrigatingcompanies, should be care- 
ful that the water-right question is fully set forth in their deed of sale. 

The educational advantages of California are not exceeded by any in the 
United States, and no neighborhood is without good school-houses, competent 
teachers, and every facility for affording a thorough and complete education. 
Besides primary and grammar schools, there are normal and high schools and 
a state university. 

The direct route to California is via Ogden, and by either the Union Pacific 
Railroad from Omaha, or by the Burlington Route, via Denver and Rio Grande. 
You can procure tickets from your nearest local ticket agent, via either of the 
routes named, at the same rate. You can always obtain full information rela- 
tive to lands, localities, etc. , by calling upon or addressing letters to the Land 
Agent of the Central Pacific Railroad, or the Southern Pacific Railroad, at 
San Francisco, California. 

The following article was contributed to the great First of January edition 
of the Record. Union, by William H. Mills, Land Agent of the Central Pacific 
Railroad company: 

" The Sacramento and San Joaquin valley comprise about 12 per cent, of 
the entire area of the state, and embrace twelve million acres of land. The 
region lying between the alluvial lands and the line of equal elevation of two 
thousand feet, comprises about six million acres. Between the two thousand 
and four thousand feet lines, of equal elevation, there is embraced about seven 
milllion acres. These three distinctly classified areas embrace, therefore, 
twenty five million acres of land, which, with the coast valleys immediately 
tributary to San Francisco, and such of the hill lands in the Coast Range as are 




CALIFORNIA QUINCE. 



capable of cultivation, comprise about five million acres more of arable area, 
making in the aggregate about thirty million acres of cultivatable land. 

TIMBER LANDS OF THE SIERRAS. 

As to the timber lands of the uplifted regions of the Sierra Nevada, they 
already possess a timber and mineral wealth of the highest industrial and 
financial value to the state. They should remain for all time as they exist to- 
day — timber-lands — and the timber growing thereon should not be removed 
with such expedition as to denude any portion of them of their existing density, 
There are important hydrographical reasons for this conclusion, which will not 
be considered fully here Let it suffice for the present to say that the region 
occupying the eastern portion of the state, and representing the middle and 
higher altitudes of the Sierra Nevada, are the great storage areas of water in 
the form of snow. They exert an all-important influence on the annnal rain- 
fall of the country, and on the preservation of the volume of water in the 
rivers, so necessary to the proper fetilization of the agricultural lands which 
lie below. 

THE CLIMATE OF CALIFORNIA, 

which in modern times has played so conspicuous a part in attracting immi- 
gration from the Eastern States and Europe, is approximately the same for a 
distance of twelve hundred miles, parallel with the Pacific Ocean. By this 
we state a general fact, which is subject to local modification. Anywhere be- 
low the line of four thousand feet of equal elevation, on the western flank of 
the Sierras, inhabitants will be found familiar with all portions of the state, 
firmly grounded in the opinion that their particular locality is blessed with the 
most salubrious climate in the world. Residents of the foothill region are, as 
rule, immovably convinced that nowhere else under the sun does mere exist- 
ence bestow such high enjoyment upon its possessor. On the broad plains of 
the San Joaquin and the Sacramento an occasional inhabitant is found willing 
to admit that some slight modification of summer heat would be an improve- 
ment; but unalterable opposition would be made to any other change, be- 
lieving that in all respects climatic perfection is attained only there. Careful 
consideration of the observations of science in this regard proves that any- 
where in California, excepting the areas covered by the Mojave and Colorado 
deserts, and the higher summits of the Sierras, every locality enjoys about 
three hundred delightful days out of three hundred and sixty-five in each 
year. Eliminating about sixty-five days from the hottest locality of the San 
Joaquin valley, you have remaining a climate in all respects as delightful as? 
can be found elsewhere in the state. It is a region, however, requiring resort 
to artificial irrigation for the proper development of its fertility, and its great 
future lies in the direction of utilizing the vast volumes of water to reach its 
central drainage, the San Joaquin river, in lateral streams, from the high 
Sierras to the eastward. 

THE AGRICULTURAL POPULATION 

of the state of California, including men, woman and children, has, by care- 
ful ascertainment, been found to comprise but 125,000 inhabitants, and yet, 
the value of the agricultural and horticultural products rewarding the indus- 
try of this small number of inhabitants equals, and even exceeds, $70,000,000. 
To this must be added the mineral output, and the value of the manufactures 
from the timber region. The grand aggregate approximates $100,000,000 per 
annum. 



CALIFORNIA GRAPES. 



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The state embraces a territorial area of 181,000 square miles, or 100,000,000 
acres. It is occupied by a population of about 1,000,000. It is, therefore, 
within the limits of sober and judicious statement to claim that the develop- 
ment of its material resources is still in its infancy. The agricultural history 
of the state is most remarkable Its pioneer population had no conception 
whatever of its agricultural capacities. Recently one of the most far-seeing 
and intelligent of his class, in a public address, described his advent into 
Colusa county. In picturesque phraseology he depicted the 

VAST SEA OF WILD OATS, 

standing higher than his head, and over this ocean of billowy verdure roamed 
at will vast herds of antelope. The growth of the wild grain apparently sug- 
gested nothing to the pioneer mind of the possibilities for the production of 
cereals. For more than a quarter of a century later the plains of Colusa 
county were occupied by herdsmen, who pursued this branch of agriculture 
by the most barbarous method known to modern civilization, to wit: grazing 
the natural herbage of the soil. The long summers, devoid of rain, the only 
winter the agricultural regions of California ever knew — apparently forbade 
the cultivation of the soil. The methods of agriculture applicable to the tem- 
perate zone were inapplicable here, and, except in rare instances, it does not 
appear to have occurred to the pioneer mind, that the spring season of the 
year begins yearly with the first rainfalls in October and November; that the 
period of rain, and of a temperature sufficient to produce vegetation, was of 
as long duration in California as anywhere in the temperate zone. That im- 
important fact was one of much later discovery. 

SLOW TO UNDERSTAND. 

Speaking of the tardiness of the pioneer population to appreciate the real 
capacities of the country, a pioneer fruit-grower recently said: 

"When I purchased the lands upon which my orchards in Solano county 
now stand, there were three pear trees which, planted for shade or experiment, 
m the line of fruit-growing, came into bearing the year of my purchase. I 
sold $75 worth of pears from those three trees that year, and yet the fact was 
so little suggestive of the adaptability of the soil and climate for fruit-grow- 
ing, that it was five years after that very significant result before I planted a 
single fruit tree. 

There were two general reasons for this lack of appreciation of the real ma- 
terial resources of the country. First, the pioneer came to mine for gold; and 
second the science of agriculture, as understood and pursued in the Atlantic 
States was inapplicable here, and men everywhere are slow to abandon old, 
tried methods in any field of human activity, and, striking out for themselves, 
discover the new methods adapted to the new conditions of soil and climate. 

MODIFICATIONS OF CLIMATE. 

We will take the climate in the vicinity of Oroville as a notable example. 
Oroville is located in the primary foothills on the Feather river, in Butte county. 
The snow-clad mountains, lying to the eastward of the great valleys of Cali- 
fornia, have a very marked influence upon the night temperature of these 
valleys.- The inhabitants of all mountainous countries can not have failed to 
note that during the spring, summer, and autumn months, there is uniformly 
a current of air arising from the valleys toward the summit of the mountains, 
during the morning hours, and a returning breeze during the afternoon of 



— 11 — 



each day. This is due to the fact that the air of the valleys becomes heated 
near the ground first, and the superincumbent cold air of the upper regions 
presses the warm air laterally up the flanks of the mountains. At night, 




CALIFORNIA PEAK. 

when the valleys retain more nearly the temperature of the daytime, the ris- 
ing of a great body of warm air brings a cold current from the summits to 
fill the vacuum. For this reason, where the line dividing the alluvial from the 
foothill lands and the line of c qual elevation r-t four thousand, is narrow, the 



— 12 — 



the nights of spring and autumn are colder, producing inevitably early and 
late frosts. The cool and cold nights of Riverside, for instance, in the south- 
ern portion of the state, in the spring and autumn, are due to the snowy sum- 
mits of the neighboring mountains. In fact, 

WHEREVER SNOWY SUMMITS MAY BE SEEN 

from any locality in a valley, their influence will be felt in modifying the cli- 
mate of that locality. Oroville possesses, perhaps, the very best and most 
reliable citrus climate in California, because behind it, the line of equal eleva- 
tion at four thousand feet makes the greatest eastern recession. The distance 
from Oroville to that line is eighty miles. Thus, while it is true that some of 
the valleys of the coast range and coast region are far removed from the 
snowy summits, it must be remembered that they are subjected to the influence 
of an Arctic ocean current which impinges on Cape Mendocino, and confers 
upon San Francisco and other coast localities the cool west winds of summer. 
Keeping this view, Oroville stands at the greatest possible distance from the 
region of perpetual snow of any locality in the state, where there is sufficient 
rainfall to develop the natural fertility of the soil without resort to artificial 
irrigation, The primary foot-hills of certain portions of Tuolumne county 
have a similar climate, and for a similar reason. 

WATER AND DEVELOPMENT. 

We have already said that the material resources of California are in their 
infancy. This is very fully illustrated by the existing influx of immigration 
in Southern California. The small area of land in the immediate vicinity of 
Los Angeles receives a considerable rainfall for the southern portion of the 
State. For examples, observations taken in the city of Los Angeles itself, in 
the winter of 1875-76, showed a total rainfall of 21 inches, as against 26 inches 
at Sacramento, and 55 at Redding. In 1876-77 it had 4 inches, as against 9 
inches at Sacramento, and 24 at Redding. In 1877-78 it again had 21 inches, 
against 23 at Sacramento, at 50 at Redding. Thus it will be seen that Los 
Angeles, being located near the coast, receives a considerable rainfall; but the 
horticultural industry which has been developed there is not made dependent 
upon the annual rainfall. The rain performs little more than the service of 
making storage of the water on the summits of the mountains, and in the 
artificial reservoirs, for distribution by process of irrigation. Without this 
resort to artificial moisture, that county would remain to-day what it was 25 
years ago, arid and uninviting, From a village of a few hundred inhabitants, 
Los Angeles has within five or six years arisen to the position of the third city 
in population in the State, having to-day, according to the claim and estimate 
of some, nearly forty thousand inhabitants. 

COMPARATIVE PRICES FOR LANDS. 

Agricultural land in the small area of level land tributary to Los Angeles is 
quoted at more than five times the prices asked for first-class alluvial land in 
the Sacramento valley, and nearly ten times the price asked for land pos- 
sessing equal fertility and equal climatic advantages, in the vicinity of New 
Castle and Oroville. Lands held even as high as $1,000 per acre, excluding all 
improvements, save such as have grown upon the land at a cost of less than 
$25 per acre, were sold fifteen years ago for $2.50 per acre. Prices have risen 
to $1,000 per acre, with an expenditure upon the land of less than $30 per acre. 



— 13 — 



Climatic considerations have played an important part in this result. For 
more than half a century a very large number of people in the United States 
have been searching for a mild winter climate. About 35,000,000 of the inhabi- 
tants of the United States reside in a climate having for six and seven months in 




A HOME IN CENTRAL CALIFORNIA, 
the year pronounced winter weather. Anywhere north of a line drawn east and 
west, touching the mouth of the Ohio river, cold weather may be expected as 
early as September, and ice gorges in the Mississippi river at St. Louis are not 
infrequent as late as the middle of April. Pulmonary complaints are the 



— 14 — 



terror of the inhabitants in the Northern States, and, as already indicated, 
for more than half a century the people of this section have sought 

A LOCALITY FOR WINTER RESIDENCE. 

For many years Cuba was a favorite place of winter resort. New Orleans 
came in for its share ; but the general unhealthiness of that city denied it much 
of its climatic advantage. Florida was next invaded by a rush of tourists; 
but, as compared with Florida, California possesses a much superior climate 
over an area of 1,200 miles north and south, by 100 miles east and west. In 
fact, there is no portion of the state of California lying below the 4,000 or 
5,000 foot elevation which has a distinctive winter in its calendar. Intimacy 
of communication between California and the great body of the people of the 
United States has familiarized the country with the value of its climate. 
Through persistent publication, commencing with a series of articles written 
by Charles Nordhoff for Harper's Monthly, the climatic advantages of 
Southern California have become thoroughly known to the people of the 
coast. The tide was turned from Cuba, Florida, and other more genial 
climates to Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Riverside and other localities of 
Southern California, which were rapidly becoming the refuge from the rigors 
of a Northern winter. Among thirty-five millions of people there is neces- 
sarily a large number — amounting possibly to half a million, or perhaps even 
a greater number — disposed to seek 

'THE MILD AND EQUABLE CLIMATE OF CALIFORNIA 

as a refuge from the rigors of the home climate. Perhaps a very large por- 
tion of these are not seeking investments upon which profit is expected. To 
one long a resident of California it is difficult to realize how congenial its 
winter climate is to the people of the northern latitudes. To the Calif ornian 
abroad it is difficult to realize that the climatic condition of his home is a 
verity. He witnesses the sudden changes from heat to cold and cold to heat, 
The uncertain and unsettled condition of the weather in any portion of the 
year — the sultry, overpowering heat of summer, with its attendant thunder- 
storms, its destructive lightning strokes, its tornadoes and cyclones, its sun- 
strokes, — all this being changed only for the rigorous severity of winter, with 
all its repellant inhospitality and its menace to life and health. The exist- 
ence of a large area, fertile and attractively inhabitable, where neither the 
torrid heat of summer, nor the arctic cold of winter, is known, may well 
appear to those unfamiliar with the fact as a romantic fable. The existence of 
such a climate is, however, a verity, and, so far as the southern portion of this 
state is concerned, its existence has become perfectly familiar to the people of 
the United States. Perhaps the broadest and most attractive advertisement of 

THE BEAUTY AND THE SALUBRITY OF THE COUNTRY 

contiguous to Los Angeles was made known to the world through the paper 
of Helen Hunt Jackson, published in the Century some time since. They 
were designed primarily merely as a literary effort; but they possessed as 
sectional advertising feature of the highest value. In this they must he 
regarded as perfect models of their kind. They avoided all tediousness of 
statistical fact. They ignored statistics of production and questions of profit, 
and the disturbing and discouraging suggestions inseparable from the venture 
of immigration to a new country. They appealed only to the imagination 
with pictures of the romantic beauty of the country described. It is not more 



\ 



— 15 — 

difficult to-day, in visiting the locality, to find the Los Angeles of Mrs. Jackson 
than in visiting the Crescent City to find the New Orleans of George W. Cable; 
and thus an immigration, comprising chiefly people in the middle and higher 




CALIFOENIA APEICOT. 

circumstances financially, set in. To the most of these the question of 
profitable investment is subordinate. The question of a genial winter home is 



— 16 — 



paramount. The claim, however, of profitable investment is constantly set 
before public attention; but, when the value of land rises to $500 and $1,000 
an acre, and the water necessary to develop its fertility costs from $100 to 
$150 per acre annually, the product has not yet been discovered which will 
make profitable return over any considerable area of territory. 

REAL ESTATE VALUES. 

Just here it is pertinent to consider the source of the value of real estate. 
The land derives its value from two sources, — its value either as space upon 
the surface of the earth for commercial or manufacturing purposes, as in cities, 
or for its product, as farming, horticulture, grazing or timber land. When 
we depart from the realm of value in one case we 3nter the realm of the other. 
As to the value of land merely for ts surface use, commercial and manu- 
facturing purposes, a very high limitation is possible; but lands dependent for 
value wholly upon their product are subject to many, and in most cases, very 
narrow limitations. The product of the soil must bear the cost of its produc 
tion, compensate, in the productiveness of seasons of plenty the loss during 
seasons of scarcity, pay taxes, and, in fact, make a profit which will main- 
tain itself throughout a series of years. The value of land may be determined 
by considering the profit as interest, and the value of the land as the principal 
invested to produce that interest. It is, perhaps, safe to say that there are as 
yet no experiments in citrus culture and viticulture in Southern California which 
justify the present quotations for land to be devoted to this class of culture. 
When, however 5 the market value is attacked from this standpoint, the com- 
mon response is, that, for the most part the flood tide of immigration which 
for several years has been rising higher and higher in Southern California, 

IS NOT IN SEARCH OF PROFIT, 

but rather in quest of winter homes, thus conferring upon the land a portion 
of that value referable to its value as a space on the surface of the earth, and 
producing a blending of the two classifications. It will, however, undoubt- 
edly be found that every country must depend upon its own productiveness to 
sustain its inhabitants. No great commonwealth can be based upon the 
profit of enterprises prosecuted elsewhere. At least, no permanent prosperity 
can be thus based. The great mass of the inhabitants of any country must 
derive some profit from the property they own in that country; but, making 
all due allowauce for these things, it must be admitted that the people who 
have come to Los Angeles within the past ten years have discovered and 
developed a value in the soil of that country, the existence of which was not 
suspected by the early settler. Making all due allowance for the extravagant 
prices demanded for land in Pasadena, it must still be admitted that the 
extensive orange orchards of that valley are a far more profitable culture than 
the sheep and goat raising which immediately preceded them. 

The new-comers of Southern California have verified the experience of the 
world in another particular, to wit, the high producing capacity of the lands 
under a favorable climate, by resort to artificial fertilization, through the 
instrumentality of irrigation. The richest and most populous countries in the 
world are those where land and water have been brought into contact artificial - 
ly. Of this truth, Holland furnishes the most notable example, and the King 
dom of Lombardy stands next in the value of its testimony. 

30,000 ACRES WITH MOST PERFECT SEMI-TROPICAL CLIMATE. 

But what is true of Los Angeles would have been equally true over an area 



— 18 — 



comprising the thirty millions of acres of land first referred to in this article, 
constituting the great agricultural belt lying below the line of equal elevation 
at 4, COO feet on the flanks of the Sierras, and including the alluvial lands at San 
Joaquin and Sacramento valleys, and the valleys of the Coast Eange, in the 
central and northern portions of the State. And at this point we desire to give 
special emphasis to a most obvious and irrefragable conclusion. The value 
which is now attached to any land in Los Angeles, San Bernardino or San 
Diego counties, if it can be maintained, will eventually attach to every acre 
of equivalent value in every other portion of the State. To every one having 
an extensive acquaintance with the topography and climatology of the State 
of California, it is plainly apparent that if Eastern attention had been as 
strongly attracted to any portion of the thirty millions of acres of cultivatable 
land in Middle and Northern California as at Los Angeles, and settlement had 
focused there, as it has done in the southern part of the State, the boom, so- 
called, would have arisen to equal height, and the locality would have become 
equally celebrated. "While the settlement of the southern portion of the State 
is passing through its colonial and speculative stage, while immigration culture 
is far more profitable to the land holder than citrus culture, viticulture, or any 
other species of agriculture or horticulture, the question as to whether there 
exist other portions of the State of California possessing equal attractiveness 
will be one of strongly maintained controversy, which, in the very nature of 
things, cannot long be continued. The real facts upon which conclusions must 
be based are accessible, and no well-informed person can doubt the ultimate 
settlement of the controversy in favor of the superior fertility, greater extent, 
and more attractive social and climatic advantages of the middle and northern 
portions of the State. 

SOME VERY SIGNIFICANT FIGURES AND FACTS. 

The reader's attention is called again to the line dividing Northern and 
Southern California, which runs along the northern boundary of Santa Barbara 
county, through the southern portion of Kern, and along the northern line at 
San Bernardino county. To-day the taxable property within the State lying 
north of that line aggregates $723,494,894. The aggregate value of taxable 
property south of that line is $92,452,500. It has already been stated that the 
rainfall south of that line is not sufficient to mature crops, and that all varieties 
of orchard-culture are dependent wholly upon artifical irrigation. The irrigable 
area of land south of the line does not exceed 3,000,000 of acres, while the area 
of already fertile and irrigable land north of that line exceeds 30,000,000 of 
acres, more than half of which is not dependent; upon irrigation for the proper 
development of its fertility and productiveness. The present population south 
of the line in question is about 125,000. The population north of the line is 
over 600,000. The annual product of industry south of the line does not exceed 
$6,000,000 of the $100,000,000 which inures to the people of the State of Cali- 
fornia by reason of their agricultural, horticultural, and mining industries. 
Thus, over 90 per cent, of all the wealth produced in this commonwealth to-day must 
be credited to the northern and middle portions of the State. And yet it remains 
true that the said portions of the State have not received anything approxi- 
mating their fair share of that immigration which all the thinly populated 
portions of our country are attacting. This has been due to a variety of causes, 
among which a few will be specified. 

SOME PERTINENT REASONS STATED. 

First — It may be stated that a region of country wherein the lands are 
rewarding their owners by satisfactory annual profit will not as a general 



— 19 — 



thing be upon the market for sale. Where there is no general desire to sell the 
land holdings, there will be ro consensus of action in the line of advertising 




CALIFORNIA PEACH. 

tne climatic and other advantages of that section, and the locality thus kept 
in unobtrusive retirement will be overlooked and forgotten. The lands in 



— 20 — 



Central and Northern California did not require vast expeditures of money to 
give them value. They were reasonably profitable to their owners, and still 
remain so. The whole country, therefore, was not upon the market. Land- 
owning in Central and Northern California had reference chiefly to the 
product of the soil, whereas land- owning in Southern Calif ornia has been with 
reference to a constant enhancement due to immigration effort. 

LARGE HOLDINGS OF FERTILE LANDS. 

Second — The most f ertle lands of Northern and Middle California are owned 
in large holdings. The idea that no man can grow rich on 160 acres of land 
in this State is one of the baneful traditions descended to us from the early 
times, and largely a legacy of that remant of barbarism, the grazing industry. 
It is a fact, however, that large holdings of fertile land receiving an annual 
precipitation of rainfall sufficient to mature crops of cereals were more profit- 
able, for economic reasons which will not be introduced here than small 
holdings. Land holding, in short, was profitable. The inhabitants of Middle 
and Northern California had little conception of the use of land beyond the 
agriculture of the temperate zone. Horticulture in its various branches has 
made considerable progress; but, notwithstanding that progress, it remains 
true that 92 per cent, of agricultural lands of California are devoted to wheat- 
raising. There is a very narrow limit to the price which can be afforded in 
the purchase of wheat land. Hence the holder of large tracts of land found it 

MORE PROFITABLE TO OWN THAN TO SELL. 

The purchaser could not pay him a price for twenty, forty, eighty or one 
hundred and sixty acres of land for wheat-raising, in excess of the value of 
that number of acres to himself, combined into large holdings. The exact re- 
verse of all this was true in Southern California. There the land waspractical- 
ly worthless except through a development requiring a large expenditure of 
caoital. The expenditure once made, however, the land immediately acquired 
a very high value, and a value chiefly in the direction of small and diligent 
cultivation. Lands worthless except for a value which requires an expenditure 
of capital in their development will naturally rely upon the development to 
attact that capital. The money placed upon the land to produce its value had 
to be obtained from the land to reimburse the capitalist. The idea therefore, of 
investing the capital necessary to produce the development, and breaking the 
land into small holdings, in order to obtain a very high rate, was a most 
natural and feasible suggestion. Thus Southern California owes its devel- 
opment largely to the original worthlessness of the region, while Middle and 
Northern California owe the tardiness of their growth to an original and 
natural high intrinsic value. 

CITRUS FRUIT PRODUCTION IN CENTRAL AND NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

Third — There has been an almost total abstinence of immigration literature 
and immigration effort in the middle and northern portions of the State. 
The section has therefore not received an influx of enterprising people. 
There is a marked tendency of provincialism in any section of the country 
where there have been but few newcomers. The community which has not 
received an infusion of new blood becomes more conservative year by year. 
It is not a little surprising to find in the Eastern States a prevailing opinion 
that citrus culture in California is confined exclusively to Los Angeles and 
San Bernardino countries. But it still more suprising to find among the 
inhabitants of California itself a consenting opinion. The recent Citrus 



— 21 — 



Fair held at Sacramento fully established the capacity of both Central and 
Northern California for the remarkable production of citrus fruit, and the most 
remarkable incident connected with the exhibition was the continued express- 
ions of surprise on the part of the Calif ornians at the extent of the exhibition, 
and the irresistible conclusion to which it pointed,— that the very best oranges 
of this State are grown at New Castle, Marysville and Oroville. Reflection, 
however, will convince the reader that this evidence of the lack of knowledge 
of the resources of the State should not surprise us. Grape-growing passed 




CENTRAL CALIFORNIA HOME. 



through a similar stage of doubt and uncertainty. At the beginning there 
were a few localities where grape culture had met with a high degree of sus- 
cess, and for many years the opinion prevailed that the capabilities for grape 
production were confined to these few looalities. It is within comparatively 
recent times that Sonoma, San Gabriel and a few other localities were mention- 
ed as places peculiarly favorable for viticulture, and when, four years ago, the 
grapes exhibited at the State Fair from Colfax, an elevation of 2,500 feet above 
the level of the sea, took the first premium, the expressions of surprise through- 
out the State were almost universal. 

THE FULL SIGNIFICANC 

Is not yet understood, and the opinion is frequently encountered that fruit- 
growing in the foot-hill region is confined to a few localities where enterprise 



— 22 — 



and industry have proven that it can be made profitable. Every industry 
which, in itself, was a departure from the agriculture and horticulture which 
obtained in the temperate zone, has made headway in this State only against 
strongly opposing doubt, thus proving the strength and tenacity of early tradi- 
tions. The citrus exhibition held recently at Sacramento furnishes the clearest 
possible demonstration of the existence of a great citrus belt extending all 
along the foot-hill regions from Shasta to Tehachepi, and embracing largely 
the entire alluvial area exhibited upon the map; and yet the exhibitors were 
beset constantly with questions from skeptics. All this, however, is rapidly 
passing. The high values which have attached to real estate in Southern Cali- 
fornia are by no means fictitious. The prosperity of that section is being 
founded upon small holdings. Twenty acres of irrigated land devoted to fruit 
culture will give employment to more men throughout the year than 640 acres 
of land in other portions of the State devoted to wheat culture. The rising 
tide of home-seekers from Eastern States which has been attracted by the 
genial climate of Southern California will not long remain in ignorance of the 
equal climatic and other advantages of other portions of the State. The high 
prosperity and marked success which has attended the effort to advertise 
abroad the great natural resources of one portion of the State will be limited 
in other localities, and it is, therefore, within the bounds of safe prediction 
that what we have witnessed in Los Angeles and San Bernardino counties, will 
find early repetition on a vastly broader scale when experiment has been 
applied to the more valuable and more inviting field of Central and Northern 
California. 

WHAT SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA HAS DEMONSTRATED. 

Since the year 1869, the extension of railroad lines into the sparsely settled 
or wholly uninhabited territories of the United States has opened to settlement 
an area so vast as to distribute thinly the great tide of immigration which 
annually overflows from the more densely populated portions of this country 
and Europe. The railroad extension referred to includes not only the four 
great overland roads extending westward to the Pacific Ocean from the Mis- 
isissippi river, but also a great number of branch lines. Since that period the 
State of Kansss has received 1,000,000 of inhabitants; Texas, 1,600,000; Minne- 
sota, 700,000; Dakota, 500,000; Nebraska, 400,000; "Wyoming, 250,000; Wash- 
ington, 80,000; Montana, 40,000; Arizona, 50,000; Colorado, 300,000; and Cali- 
fornia, about 200,000, Among all these the growth of Kansas has been the 
most phenomenal. The reason for this is not far to seek. Kansas was more 
accessible than any of the Pacific Territories, and the lands there were cheap. 
In estimating the obstacles to settlement of a distant region, the cost of reach- 
ing that region must occupy a prominent place. It has cost in the past more 
money to remove a body of population aggregating 100,000 men from the more 
densely populated and overflowing sections of our country to California than 
to remove 1,000,000 from the same section to Eastern Kansas and Nebraska. 
Where vast areas of sparsely-settled and uninhabited territory were inviting 
the enterprising pioneers, comparative advantages have been very closely 
scanned. Foi nearly twenty-five years the intending immigrant has had his 
choice of an almost unlimited variety of climate, social and commercial con- 
ditions. Camparatively, the prices asked for land in California were higher 
than the rates demanded elsewhere west of the Mississippi river. To the 
superficial view, land in California had reached its maximum in value. Good 
agricultural land in the Northwestern and Western States is deemed to have 



— 23 — 



reached its highest point at a value of $30 to $50 an acre. Twenty years ago 
good agricultural land in California reached this stage of development. "When, 
therefore, the immigrants had their choice between Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, 
Colorado, Minnesota and Dakota, where lands were obtainable from $5 to $10 
an acre, as against California, where agricultural land was held at from $15 
to $30 an acre, they choose the former localities, under the somewhat justi- 
fiable but mistaken belief that lands in California had already reached their 
full development. They where basing their estimate of the possible valuation 
of land upon its capacities for producing grain, wheat, cattle and hogs. They 
were oblivious of the fact that climate is a controlling factor in the capabili- 
ties of the soil. "When land is purchased at $10 an acre, which through 
cultivation and improvement may develop a value of $30 an acre, we have an 
enhancemont of 300 per cent, of the original purchase price; but where the 
climate admits of a culture which makes it possible to take land at $30 an acre, 
and, by devoting it to those productions permitted by the higher possibilities 
of climate, make it worth from $300 to $500 an acre, we have a resultant 
percentage of from 1,000 per cent, to 2,500 per cent, of the purchase price 
of $30. 

Almost at any time within the past twenty years, land adapted to vinicul- 
ture could be bought in this State at from $20 to $30 an acre, where, at the 
same time, a fully developed bearing vineyard was salable from $300 to $500 
per acre. What is true of vine-growing is equally of citrus culture, and the 
experiment in orange-growing in Los Angeles and San Bernardino counties 
have merely demonstrated these truths. More than this, they have familiar- 
ized the Eastern mind with the fact that superiority of climate enlarges the 
range of production, and correspondingly augments the possibilities of devel- 
opment in the value of the soil. The rapid influx of Eastern immigration into 
Southern California and the ready acceptance on the part of that immigration 
of the prices asked for lands, proves conclusively that these great economic 
facts have at last dawned upon the Eastern mind. Having thus accepted the 
conclusion, for which the people of California have rightly contended for 
nearly a quarter of a century, the sucecss which has attended the efforts of 
Southern California to secure a proper and adequate recognition of the value 
of soils and climate in California, when considered together as factors in pro- 
duction, will rapidly extend to every other portion of California. The values 
which have attached to lands suitable for agriculture and horticulture in 
Southern California, will inevitably extend to all the land in the State of equal 
fertility and lying under equally favorable conditions, for the higher and 
more profitable cultivation, made possible by the superiority of climate. 
Again, it has been demonstrated that California, throughout, is the most genial, 
healthful and attractive winter resort in the known world It will, therefore, 
rapidly supersede Florida, Cuba, Italy and other places which have served as 
refuges from the rigor and inhospitalities of northern climates. Southern Cali- 
fornia, therefore, has demonstrated a superiority in soils and climates, and the 
productive capacities and unlimited resources of the State. The constantly 
increasing facilities of communication between the great body of the popula- 
tion in this country, aggregating 60,000 of inhabitants residing east of the 
Rocky Mountains and the shores of the Pacific, together with the constantly 
diminishing cost of communication between the two sections under consider- 
ation, will eliminate the last barrier to the rapid growth of this State, and 
confer upon us all the benefits to which we are entitled by reason of the natural 
and actual superiority of our country. 



— 24 — 



From the year 1870 to the present time Texas had received an immigration 
aggregating 1,600,000 inhabitants. Kansas had received over 1,000,000. In 
much less space of time California may receive an equal number; in fact, it is 
within the limits of most reasonable probability that within the next ten 
years the population of the State of California will exceed 2,500,000 inhab- 
itants , and the growth of Southern California gives warrant for this pre- 
diction. 

The entire State owes a lasting debt of gratitude to the enterprising people of 
Southern California. They have at last justified to the comprehension of the 
world the superiority of our claims, have removed forever the great leading 
obstacle to the rapid growth and development of Calif ornia, and have estab- 
lished a great tide of immigration which will not ebb until the great resources 
of this country have received that development which in all time has awaited 
the awakening influence of intelligence and enterprise. 



CLIMATE. 

For a more full exposition of the climate of California, as compared with the 
world's noted climates, we give the following table without comment: 



MEAN TEMPERATURE. 



Place. 


Jan. 


July. 


Dif. 


Lat. 




Deg. 


Deg, 


Deg. 


D. M, 




36 


84 


48 


30 36 




42 


89 


47 


36 00 




21 


77 


56 


39 06 


City of Mexico , 


... 52 


63 


11 


19 26 




, . , 46 


62 


46 


35 00 






86 


39 


35 00 


Dijon, France. . ... 


... 33 


70 


37 


47 00 






92 


36 


32 43 


Gilroy, Cal 


41 


78 


37 


37 00 


Goshen, Cal 


. . 51 


91 


40 


36 00 


Honolulu, S.I 


,, 71 


78 


7 


21 16 


Hollister, Cal , 


, . 48 


73 


25 


36 00 


Monterey, Cal 


.. . 52 


58 


6 


36 36 






74 


41 


45 00 


New Orleans, Louisiana. . . 


.. . 55 


82 


27 


29 57 


Naples, Italy 


. 46 


76 


30 


40 52 




49 


58 


9 


36 00 




. . . 73 


77 


44 


37 00 


Santa Barbara, Cal 


.... 56 


66 


10 


34 24 






65 


8 


32 41 


Stockton, Cal 


, . 49 


72 


23 


37 56 


San Mateo, Cal 


46 


59 


13 


37 00 


San Jose, Cal 


46 


69 


23 


37 00 


Salinas, Cal 


,, 47 


75 


18 


36 00 


Soledad, Cal 


, . . 43 


70 


27 


36 00 


St. Augustine, Florida,,. 


59 


77 


18 


30 05 


Vallejo, Cal 


48 


67 


19 


38 05 



— 26 — 



RIVERS. 

The rivers of the Coast Range flowing westward into the ocean, south of San 
Francisco, are the San Lorenzo, Pajaro, Salinas, Cuyama, Santa Inez, Santa 
Maria, San Buenaventura, Santa Clara, Los Angeles, San Gabriel, Santa Ana, 
Santa Margarita, San Luis Rey and San Diego, many of which are constant 
streams to within ten or fifteen miles of their mouths, and all of them passing 
through rich valleys. North of San Francisco the main streams of the Coast 
Range which empty into the ocean are the Russian, Eel, Elk, Mad, Klamath 
and Smith rivers, besides many others of less importance, all of which are per' 
manent streams, bordered with narrow valleys at the foot of the mountains. 



RAINFALL. 



Redding, Shasta County , 38.58 inches. 

Lehawa, Lehawa " 25.95 " 

Chico, Butte " 20.11 " 

Marysville, Yuba " 16.42 " 

Lincoln, Placer " 16.95 " 

Colusa, Colusa " 16.58 " 

Woodland, Yolo " 17.01 " 

Sacramento, " 18.90 " 

Snisun, Solano " 18.54 " 

Napa, Napa " 30.00 " 

Petaluma, Sonoma " 23.00 " 



Briggs, Sutter County, 15£ inches; Brentwood, Contra Costa County, 15^ in- 
ches; Farmington, San Joaquin County, 15 inches; Oakdale, Stanislaus Coun- 
ty, 12 inches; Snelling, Merced County, 11 inches; Fresno, 8 inches; Visalia, 
Tulare County, 9 inches; Monterey, 15 inches; Santa Cruz, 24 inches; San 
Mateo, 23 inches. 

This is the average for three years. 



LABOR AND WAGES. 

As a matter, of course, the thinking man will take cognizance of the fact 
that where there are so many people settling in a country there a demand for 
labor exists. There are houses to be erected, and the carpenter, and bricklayer, 
and plasterer, and lather, and mason finds work; and wages for this class of 
mechanics ranges from $3.50 to $5 per day. Then wagons have to be repaired 
and horses shod, hence there is plenty of work for the blacksmith; besides this, 
new towns are springing up in all directions, afford ample employment for all. 

Where there is an aggregation of people in a settlement their necessities re- 
quire all kinds of labor, skilled and unskilled, in fact, all classes of people are 
mutually dependent, and such a general movement of settlers into California 
is now going on that there is employment for all. 



— 27 — 



COST OF LIVING IN CALIFORNIA. 

The cost of living in California is no greater than in Illinois, Iowa, Michigan 
or other Middle or Western States. Flour about $4.50 per bbl.; vegetables of 
all kinds very cheap. Meats of all kinds retail from 8 to fifteen cents per 
pound. Clothing may be 5 per cent higher that in Chicago. Cows bring from 
$25 to $50 ; farm horses about $100, according to age and condition; harness 
from $25 to $40; wagons from $85 to $100. House rents in the cities the same 
as in such cities east as Omaha, Council Bluffs, St. Paul, Detroit, Cleveland. 
A six room cottage in San Francisco would rent from $20 to $40 per month, 
according to locality. 

One can live cheaper in San Francisco than in any other city of the same 
size or importance in the United States. A good meal can be had in a restau- 
rant in San Francisco for 25 cents; in some of them a small steak, bread and 
butter, boiled or fried potatoes and cup of coffee or tea, can be had for 15 
cents, served in good clean style. 



CITIES AND TOWNS. 

San Francisco, 

population about 400,000, situated on a peninsula, with the Pacific Ocean on 
one side and the Bay of San Francisco on the other. The finest harbor in the 
world, and one of the principal sea ports. 

Oakland, 

opposite San Francisco, and is to that city what Brooklyn is to New York. It 
has a population of 50,000; has street railways, both horse and cable lines; two 
lines of steamers ply between the two cities every 15 minutes; fare across the 
bay single trip 15 cents, round trip 25 cents, commutation tickets $3 for 60 
rides. 

Sacramento. 

The State capital, 90 miles from San Francisco; fare, 2nd class, $1.50, 1st 
class, $2.50; time, 3 hours. Has a population of 25,000; mean temperature 
about 72°. 



— 28 — 



COUNTIES AND THEIR PRODUCTS. 

SOIL AND APPROXIMATE PRICE OF LAND. 

Kern County, San Joaquin Valley, extensively famed heretofore as a 
wheat county, more recently for fruit, as peaches, apricots, nectarines, 
grapes for both wine and raisins, almonds, English walnuts, berries of all 
kinds, olives, oranges, limes, besides vegetables of all kinds. The soil is rich, 
dark loam, and will never need fertilizing. Three year old peach trees bear 
profusely; grape vines mature in four years after planting and yield from 8 to 
10 tons to the acre, worth from $200 to $300. Lands in small tracts can now 
(1888) be purchased from $25 to $50 per acre; payments usually one-third cash, 
balance one and two years. This is the usual manner of payments on lands in 
the State. 

Tulare. 

North of Kern in the great San Joaquin Valley; products same as Kern, 
prices of lands about the same. Tulare Lake, a body of fresh water 28 miles 
long by 18 miles wide, is in this county. Visalia is the county site. The S. P. 
R. R. runs through both this and Kern. 

Fresno. 

Next north of Tulare, the centre of the great raisin producing region in the 
San Joaquin Valley, also produces same as Kern, lands higher priced. Fresno 
is the county seat, a growing town with the S. P. R. R , and a branch of this 
line being now under construction to the South-east. 20,000 boxes of raisins 
were sent from Fresno in 1887. There is no more attractive and rapidly grow- 
ing town in the State than Fresno. Population 10,000. 

Merced. 

Next above Fresno is Merced County, in which has recently been constructed 
a reservoir for receiving and holding water for irrigation purposes, it covers or 
requires 640 acres, and will hold water sufficient to irrigate many thousand 
acres. It is near the town of Merced on the line of the S. P. R. R., and in the 
center of a vast fruit and agricultural country. The soil of these counties all 
through the San Joaquin Valley is the same, and products the same. 

Stanislaus. 

Joins Merced on the North, well wooded and irrigated, splendid soil, products 
same as the other counties, prices of lands from $40 to $60 per acre, in small 
tracts. Modesto, on S. P. R. R., the county seat. 

San Joaquin. 

An older and more thickly settled county than either of the others named, 
well wooded and watered; products, all kinds of fruit, vegetables, nuts, raisins, 
wine grapes, cereals, etc. Prices of lands from $50 to $200 per acre. TheS. P. 
R. R. and the Western Pacific both run through this county as well as the San 
Joaquin River, upon which steamers run at all seasons of the year, from San 
Francisco to Stockton, a city of 20,000 inhabitants, and the county seat and 
one of the Insane Asylums of the State is located at Stockton, which is 90 
miles from San Francisco. Natural gas has recently been struck at Stockton, 
Lodi, 13 miles distant, is a rapidly growing town; a narrow gauge road runs 
from here to Zone. 



— 29 — 



Sacramento County. 

One of the largest and most popular in the State, is well wooded and watered, 
abounds in streams, fertile valleys and productive uplands; products, fruits of 
all kinds, vegetables, cereals, figs, vines, oranges, etc, although it is but fair 
to state that all the other counties named, both in the San Joaquin Valley will 
produce the same. The city of Sacramento is capital of the State, seat of 
Justice for the County, and in addition to railroads North, South, East and 
West, is on the Sacramento Eiver, where two or three lines of steamers run to 
San Francisco. The principal shops of the Southern Pacific Company are lo- 
cated here, and as this company manufactures many of its own cars and loco- 
motives, affords employment to hundreds of mechanics and workmen. A 
glance over the country surrounding this city will reveal to the senses a most 
attractive view. A striking feature being the beautiful live oaks evergreen 
and in most systematic proportion. The soil is excellent and both surf ace and 
artesian water is easily obtainable. Prices of land rates from $40 to $100 per 
acre. See Exihibition Building near depot. 

Sutter, Yuba and Butte. 

These counties immediately north of Sacramento have nearly the same 
physical features except that Butte is further to the eastward and has more 
foothill land, Yuba County is more in the Sacramento Valley, Yuba City 
being the county seat, with a population of 6,000. The valley lands are as 
good as anywhere else in the State, and produce the same fruits, cereals, figs, 
etc. , as Sacramento County Prices of land from $40 to $100 per acre accord- 
ing to location, improvements, etc. ; mean temperature about 72°. The Sacra- 
mento River runs by Marysville, and steamers run up here from below. The 
Feather River also comes into the Sacramento near this point. The California 
and Oregon Railroad also runs through this county. Another railroad runs 
from Marysville to 

Oroville, 

Seat of justice for Butte County, the great citrus county of California, 28 
miles from Marysville, a city of 2,500 inhabitants. This locality has recently 
come into prominence as a great orange producing country. The exhibition 
held in December, 1887, of the citrus products of Butte County was the most 
successful ever held in the state. Lands can be purchased in this vicinity 
at from $40 to $100 per acre. The climate is one of the very best in the 
United States, absolutely free from fogs and malaria. Much of the land in 
Butte county is in the foot hills, winch are gently rolling and susceptible of 
the highest culture, is well wooded and watered, and the scenery is most 
magnificent. Mr. E. Tucker, Mr. A. B. Jones or Mr. W. B. Ludlam, 
will always give strangers full information about lands, etc., by writing to 
them at Oroville 

Tehama 

Is in the Sacramento Valley, has much level, fine agricultural and fruit 
lands, same products as other counties in Sacramento Valley. Lands can be 
purchased at from $20 to $100 per acre, according to location and improve- 
ments. Red Bluff is the county seat, on Sacramento River, practically the 
head of navigation. This city has about 6,000 inhabitants, and is the head- 
quarters of the Sierra Flume and Lumber Company. Enquiries addressed to 
Coffin an & Brown or N. S. Chipman will always elicit prompt replies and full 
information. 



— 30 — 



Further up the railroad, some 40 miles is Redding, county seat of 

Shasta County, 

and at the head of the great Sacramento Valley, in the center of a vast fruit 
raising and agricultural country, as well as mineral, there being several rich 
gold and silver mines in the immediate vicinity of Redding. Population 
about 4,000; lands selling at $10, $12, $20, $40, $100 per acre. Letters ad- 
dressed to D. C. Honn will elicit prompt replies. There is still much good 
government and cheap railroad lands in Shasta County. In all these counties 
north of Sacramento and including that county irrigation is not necessary to 
produce crops or accelerate the growth of fruit trees, yet it is occasionally 
practiced, being easily done because of so many living streams of water in 
all the country north of the San Joaquin River. Coming down the California 
and Oregon Railroad we will now take the line on the west side of the Sacra- 
mento River. Its soil is rich, deep and productive ; irrigation is not necessary to 
grow oranges, lemons, limes, vines or cereals, Prices of land from $25 to $100 
per acre. 

Colusa County. 

This is a fine Sacramento Valley county, of which Colusa is the county seat. 
There is a Narrow Gauge Railroad running across the valley from Colusa to 
the town of Sites, in the foothills of the Coast Range. Land good, soil deep ; and 
a new canal for irrigation will soon be constructed, so that thousands of acres 
now unproductive will be brought under a high state of cultivation. Lands 
$10, $20 to $100 pei acre. For particulars address Sec'y Board of Trade, Colusa 
or Willows. 

Yolo County, 

South of Colusa, is also good land and on October 31, 1886 ripe oranges were 
picked in Woodland, the county seat. Mr. Geo. Blowers is a good man to 
write to at Woodland, in Yolo County for much information Prices of land 
a little higher than in Colusa. 

Solano County 

Is one of the very best in California, having been settled for many yeais. 
Fruit trees have in many localities fully matured. Mr. A. T. Hatch, near 
Sinsun, has the finest fruit farm in California. He plants, for instance, 75 
almond trees on an acre, and when three years old net him $150 per acre or 
$2 per tree; at six years old they will double that. Lands are selling at from 
$40 to $200 per acre. At Nacaville the earliest cherries grown in California 
make their appearance in April. Mr. Hatch, whose office address is Sinsun, 
will always answer letters of inquiry. 

Napa County. 

A paradise on earth; the home of the grape, the fig, the olive, and every- 
thing nice. The valley lies between two ranges of the Coast mountains and is 
one of the most healthful localities in this most healthf nl state. Some of the 
best wine made m California comes from the Napa Valley. The county seat 
has about 8,000 inhabitants and is about 50 miles from San Francisco. C. M. 
Wood is a good man to write to m Napa. 



Returning to the foot hills we find Placer County to be one of the best in the 
upper country- The main line of the C. P. R. R. runs through it, and also a 
narrow guage road from Nevada City through Grass Valley to Colfax, 22 



— 31 — 



miles, its junction with the C. P. R. R. Placer County is a fruit growing 
country and its climate is very healthful. The citrus fruits exhibit from this 
county at Los Angeles last December attracted much attention especially 
among strangers who heretofore imagined that the orange only grew and 
nourished in the lower part of the State. Lands are not high, and fruit lands 
wild can be bought for from $10 to $15 per acre; cultivated lands $50. 

El Dorado County. 

Placerville, in mining days Hangtown, county seat of this county, has some 
fine valley and f oot-hill lands cheap and capable of producing all kinds of 
fruit and cereals and vegetables. Prices of lands, $20 to $100 per acre. Ad- 
dress Sec. Swissler for particulars. A railroad runs from Sacramento to 
Placerville through this county. 

Amador County 

Is similar to El Dorado, joining it on the south, has been a rich mineral 
county, and is now well populated, and the climate and soil is good. Jackson 
is the county seat. Lands about the same price and products as other foot- 
hill counties. 

Calaveras 

Similar to Amador. Lands about the same as to products and prices. So 
also is 

TUOLOMNE 

Next south of Calveras. 

Mariposa 

Is not only a fine county as the others in the foot-hills but within its limits 
is the famous big trees, and the Yosemite Valley, known all over the world. 



Attention will now be given to the coast counties. 

HUMBOLT COUNTY, 

Two hundred miles north of San Francisco, borders on the ocean, is hilly, 
and covered with dense forests of redwood trees. Between the mountains are 
beautiful valleys in which the soil is excellent and the climate is good. Lands 
for fruit culture and farming can be bought for from $10 to $40 per acre. 
Eureka the main seaport town is a great lumber shipping point. 

Sonoma County 

Is one of the finest in California, and the Russian River Valley one of the 
most fertile and lovely in California. The N. P. C. R. R. runs to Cloverdale 
the head of this valley. Products, all kinds of grain, fruits, figs, nuts, etc. 
Prices of lands from $25 to $100 per acre. Santa Rosa is the county seat, 
distant from San Francisco about 60 miles, Sonoma has long been famous 
for its vine products 

Lake 

Is a mountain county, but having many beautiful valleys, very rich soil, and 
producing all kinds of fruits, nuts, vegetables, etc. Lands can be purchased 
at from $30 to $100 per acre Climate excellent. 

Alameda, 

The second county in population in the state, with over 60,000 people in 



— 32 — 



Oakland, the county seat. Its northern and western boundaries are the bay 
of San Francisco, on the east Contra Costa County, on the south Santa Clara, 
San Francisco being opposite on the peninsula formed by the Pacific Ocean on 
the west and the bay of San Francisco on the east. Alameda county has rich 
soil, a magnificent climate, and its products are so varied as to embrace every- 
thing grown in every county of California. Lands from $40 to $400 per acre 
according to location and improvement. Two lines of ferries run from here 
to San Francisco at intervals of 15 minutes. 

Contra Costa County 

Is finely located, and is valley, hill and monntain, producing everything 
grown throughout the State. Martinez, the county seat, on the Straits of 
Carquinez, a body of water connecting Suisun with San Pablo bay has a popu- 
lation of 3,000. Contra Costa is well wooded and watered. Lands from $30 
to $400 per acre. 

Santa Clara County, 

South of Alameda, county seat San Jose the Garden City, with a population 
of 20,000, and was settled over 100 years ago by Jesuit fathers who planted an 
avenue of trees two miles long, called the "Alameda," from San Jose to Santa 
Clara. The Santa Clara Valley, in which San Jose and Santa Clara are located, 
is one of the loveliest in the world. Lands are high in Santa Clara County, 
and the soil produces everything grown in the most favored in the State. 
Three lines of railroads run through this county. 

Santa Cruz. 

A mountain county south of Santa Clara, borders on the ocean, has many 
fine valleys, and Santa Cruz, a great resort in the warm months. Lands $40 
to $100 per acre. 

Monterey, 

An old county, settled by the old Jesuits over 100 years ago, borders on the 
Pacific Ocean, has many fine valleys, produces all kinds of fruits and cereals, 
as well as vegetables. Lands from $25 to $100 per acre The town of Monte- 
rey has a historical interest and here is located the celebrated Hotel del 
Monte, which together with the grounds form one of the features of attractive- 
ness to the tourist and health seeker. It is justly called the 

LONG BRANCH 

of the Pacific, 110 miles south of San Francisco. Sunday trains are run, 
round trips $5, during Summer. 

San Benito County 

Adjoins Monterey on the east and is mostly valley lands in the Coast range 
of mountains, producing cereals, vegetables and fruits. Lands from $25 to 
$100 per acre according to location and improvements. The Northern Di- 
vision of the S. P. R. R. runs through it. Hollister is the county seat. 

San Louis Obispo, 

Also in the Coast range, adjoining San Benito on the south, and its western 
boundary being the Pacific Ocean, the climate excellent, is well wooded and 
watered, as is also all the coast counties named. The Northern Division of the 
S. P. R R. has recently been extended to Templeton, 200 miles south of San 
Francisco Lands rapidly selling at $35 to $100 per acre. Products same as 
in coast counties. 



u 
QC 
D 
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< 
QC 
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Ol 

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LOCALITIES IN THE OLD WC 

Corresponding in Temperature wil 
in California, 

(52 to 6o°) Indicated on the Map in Y 



LOCALITY. 



Turin, Northern Italy 

Milan, Northern Italy 

Toulouse, Southern France . . . 
Venice, North-eastern Italy . . . 
Constantinople, Turkey. . . . 
Marseilles, South-east France . 
Bologna, Northern Italy .... 

Madrid, Central Spain 

Mentone, South-eastern France. 
Toulon, Southern France .... 
Florence, Northern Italy. . . . 
Rome, Western Italy 



Mean Annt 
Tempera tui 



53^ 
54° 
55° 
57° 
57° 
57° 
57° 
57° 
57° 
59° 
59° 
59° 



80 c 



70 c 



50 c 



40° 



30 c 



20 c 



10 c 



Summer 
" Heat. 



Temperate 
■ Heat 



Freezing. 



Zero. 



The territory re 
yellow (52 to 6o c 
a narrow strip ale 
from near Point 
(latitude 34 ) to 
line (latitude 42 ). 
Concepcion in a 
rection this belt le: 
and trends in a s 
direction until ne; 
where it divides, 
running' south tc 
the other runnin 
diminishing at S 
latitude 37 . Th 
also represented a 
hills bordering tht 
of the State, pai 
Sacramento and £ 
The mean Sum 
ture of this tern 
56 to 68°, and em , 
number of the he; 
the State, includf 
the hot spring re 
Winter temperatr' 



omparaiiYG * flimatic * lap 



CAWPORIVIA, 



MS 



E" 



NS. 

n 

r 



,INE 

TE 

\ST. 



Tkt Agt 

ON, 

». & T. A. 



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tt 
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This map has been compiled from the highest authorities 
obtainable, but it must be borne in mind by the reader that 
a chart of this size must of necessity be of a general char- 
acter, as it would be confusing and altogether impossible to 
particularize the temperature of every place of interest in 
the State, and instances may be discovered where the colors 
designating the borders of one territory may have invaded 
that of another, but the great isothermal belts of California 
here represented may be relied upon as substantially correct. 

The reader should also bear in mind that comparative charts 
of temperature can be so only in a certain measure, for between 
90 in California and 90 in atmospheres of low humidity, 
there exists a marked difference, in favor of the former. It 
has been observed that the temperature at ioo° in California 
brings much less discomfort than 90 in many of the Fastern 
States. 



-<^>1887^- 

Second largest State in Union ; area, 188,981 square miles. 

length, 770 miles ; breadth, 330 miles. 

Acquired by United States 1847. 

Gold discovered February, 1848. 

Admitted to the Union September 9, 1850. 

Population (census of 1880) 864,694. 

Population 1887 (estimated) 1,300,000. 

Ranked twenty-fourth State in population, census of 1880. 

Ranked first State in per capita wealth, census 1880. 

Ranked ninth State in aggregate wealth, census 1880. 

Twelfth State in manufacturing importance, 1880. 

Fifteenth State in agricultural products in 1880. 

Assessed value of all property in 1887, $900,395,713. 

Increase over year 1886 of $132,000,000. 

Deposits in commercial and savings banks, $146,711,443. 

Deposits in savings banks in 1887, $70,077,893. 

Net debt of State, $354,500. 

Number of newspapers published, 417. 

Number of public school buildings 1885, 3,262. 

Number of teachers, 4,082. 

School expenditures in 1885, $3,920,228. 

Salaries paid to teachers 1885, $2,573,623. 

Value of school property 1885, $7,936,620. 

Gold and silver product in 1887, $20,000,000. 

Total gold and silver product since 1848, $763,986,954. 

Orange product coming season (estimated), 1,250,000 boxes. 

Hop product, 4,500,000 pounds. 

Wool product, annual average ten years, 41,500,000 pounds. 
Wheat shipments, annual average eight years, 15, 000, 000 centals 
Flour shipments, annual average five years, 1,200,000 barrels. 
Barley crop, annual average three years, 20,000,000 bushels. 
Quicksilver product, average annual output for eight years, 

45,000 flasks. 
Grape brandy product in 1887, 800,000 gallons. 
Wine product, annual average five years, 16,000,000 gallons. 
Raisin product in 1887, 1,000,000 boxes. 
Bean product of 1887, 60,000,000 pounds. 
Vegetables shipped to East in 1887, 40,000,000 pounds. 
Canned goods shipments, 50,000,000 pounds. 
Nut crop of 1887, 2,250,000 pounds. 
Dried fruit shipments, 16,000,000 pounds. 
Green deciduous fruits shipped Fast in 1887, 35, 342,000 pounds.. 



— 33 — 



Santa Barbara, 

Famous for its vines and olives, for its fine climate and health-giving 
breezes, reached by rail from New Hall on the main line of S. P. R. R. by the 
branch. Lands $20 to $100 per acre. Good soil, fine valley and fruit, vines, 
etc , produced largely; well wooded and watered. 

Los Angeles and San Diego 

The author has said but little concerning these two counties, believing them 
both sufficiently well known. The climate of both is excellent and in some 
places the soil is good. Irrigation is necessary to have a good growth of 
vegetation and trees, but the stranger must remember that there is scarcely 
any difference in the temperature of these counties and those further north 
while land is to be purchased in the upper part of the Sta*e for a tenth of the 
price in these two counties. Go and see for yourself and you will say there 
has not been a misstatement in this book. — The Author. 

These are the principal counties seen south by the homeseeker. tourist and 
health seeker. Remember that in none of them is there any cold weather at 
any time of year; no cyclones or blizzards, no frost, no ice, no snow. Why 
then not live in a country where you are free from many ills which beset you 
in states east of the Rocky Mountains, and live where flowers ever bloom and 
birds sing throughout the year, where it requires but little effort to grow not 
only the necessaries but the luxuries of life ? Go and see for yourself and you 
will say "the half has not been told " 



- 34 — 



HOW TO GO TO THE PACIFIC 

COAST. 

ROUTES FROM CHICACO. 

THE GREAT BURLINGTON ROUTE— C. B. & Q. R. R. 

Who that has ever traveled, or read about traveling, has not heard of the 
great Burlington Route, with its thousands of miles of steel rail stretching 
westward from Chicago, crossing the mighty rivers Mississippi and Missouri, 
and away over the plains of Nebraska and Colorado, until the shrill whistle of 
its locomotives reverberates among the canyons and defiles of the Rocky 
Mountains It has many miles of track stretching also southward, reaching 
St. Louis, Quincy, Kansas City, St. Joseph, Atchison and other prominent 
cities, but in this work more particular notice will be given to it as one of the 



\ 




Interior view of the Pullman (16 Wheel) Sleepers running only on the Burlington Route, 
great thoroughfares over which thousands travel annually to California. The 
smoothness of the track, the elegance of the cars, the speed of the trains, the 
cuisine of its dining cars, has made it rank A No 1 among all the principal 
railway lines of the country. Turning westward from Chicago, its lines 
reach Council Bluffs, Iowa, and Omaha, via Plattsmouth, while from Chicago 



— 35 — 



to California direct the passenger can go to Denver, Colorado, thence connect- 
ing with trains on the Denver & Rio Grand Railroad direct to Ogden via 
Salt Lake City. The Burlington road to California, leaving Chicago, passes 
diagonally across the state of Illinois striking the Mississippi river at Burling- 
ton, where it crosses on a magnificent iron bridge. On the line to Burlington, 
this road has some large cities and towns of much importance, and through 
some of the very best agricultural country in Illinois. Among the towns may 
be mentioned Aurora, on the Fox River, Mendota and Galesburg. At Gales- 




Interior view of Buffet Sleepers, running on the Burlington Route. 



burg the Burlington branches off toward Quincy, and other lines lead off 
to the southwest Burlington, in Iowa, was quite a nourishing town in old 
steamboat days, but suddenly assumed metropolitan proportions after the 
Burlington road got there. Thence westward over the fertile State of Iowa 
it was pushed, and overcoming many difficulties, finally reached the Missouri 
River, at a point near the mouth of the Platte River. As the construction of 
this line progressed westward its influence was felt in the rapid settlement and 
development of the country adjacent to its line, and it proved the great 
civilizer of Central and "Western Iowa Its projectors not willing to rest upon 
well earned laurels, sought other wilds to explore, and in 1869 began in Ne- 
braska construction and in 1870 was the first railroad to reach Lincoln, the 
State capitol. In that same year advance parties of its surveyors startled vast 
herds of wild buffalo in the Republican River Valley. In 1873 the road was 
completed to Kearney, where it formed a junction with the U. P Railway. A 
very few years later it had reached Denver, and recently it has opened a new 
line direct to Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory, a little over 1,000 miles west of 
Chicago. And with all this rapid progress its builders have never forgotten 
that to do a thing in first-class style is to do it but once, hence the rails are of 
Steele, 60 pounds to the yard, fastened together with Fish plates, and so well 
ballasted that there is little or no oscillation to the cars no matter how swiftly 
they run. The cars are all of the very best material and construction and 
their locomotives fast Heavy grades have been avoided and the tediousness 



— 3d— 



of travel is alleviated and made scarcely perceptible on its trains Between 
Chicago and Omaha it is the great favorite route, and a traveler can always 
safely make his calculations on time, as the trains run on a schedule, and one 




Interior view of the famous C, B. & Q. Dining Cars, running only on the Burlington Route. 

which is adhered to, and it is now proverbial among traveling men to say, 
"I'll be sure I'll come by the Burlington," or "Q," as some of them call it for 




Interior view of Reclining Chair Cars ( seats free) running on the Burlington Route, 
short, or "C B. & Q." Passengers for California should be sure and take this 



— 37 — 



route in going either via Omaha or Denver. It runs sleeping cars en all its 
through trains. 

THE BURLINGTON'S KANSAS CITY LINE. 

Should the passenger for California desire to see the great business city of 
the Missouri River Valley, he can go from Chicago direct to Kansas City via 
the Burlington's lines, passing en route Galesburg and Quincy, and from thence 
running across the State of Missouri. On the Burlington's Kansas City trains 
the through passenger can ride in a reclining chair car free of charge, or if he 
prefers, in a through sleeping car, and take his meals in a first class dining 
car. At Kansas City take the U. P. Railway for Ogden via Denver. The 
principal offices of the C. B. & Q. are in Chicago. Its city ticket office is on 
the corner of Clark and Adams streets, opposite the postoffice. Travelers can 
always procure there tickets to California points as low as by any other line, 
and have choice of routes. 

Mr. Henry B. Stone is the general manager, and Mr. Paul Morton, general 
passenger agent of the C. B & Q. R. R. 



DENVER AND RIO GRANDE RAILROAD. 

When selecting your route remember the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad is 
the only trans-continental line passing through Salt Lake City, connecting the 
Trunk Lines at Denver and Pueblo with the Southern Pacific Railroad at 
Ogden. 

This route, which is justly entitled to the designation of the "Scenic Line of 
the World," offers to those who traverse it an opportunity to behold natural 
scenery unsurpassed for grandeur and beauty. In addition to the attraction 
of the scenery, the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad presents a series of the 
most remarkable successes in engineering ever achieved, passing as it does, 
through canons thousands of feet deep, and crossing mountain ranges at an 
elevation of two miles above the level of the sea. The curves and grades, and 
the many ingenious devices to overcome apparently insurmountable obstacles, 
are sources of constant and lively interest during the entire journey, every 
part of which is full of new and striking examples of nature's marvels or the 
engineering skill of man 

In matters pertaining to comfort, speed, elegance, equipment and all those 
things which add to the physical enjoyment of the traveler, the Denver & Rio 
Grande Railroad is second to none. 

All trains are provided with Pullman Palace Buffet Coaches, and at suitable 
distances are located eating houses unsurpassed for elegance. The accommo- 
dations for third class passengers are the best. Free Tourist Sleeping Cars are 
furnished to holders of third class tickets from Denver west. 

For all information in regard to excursions and descriptive books, call on or 
address, 

W. B. Cobb, General Eastern Passenger Agent, 31.7 Broadway, New York. 
Matt Johnson, General Agent, 236 Clark street, Chicago, 111. 
L. B. Eveland, Traveling Passenger Agent, Kansas City, Mo. 
C. L. Paris, Traveling Passenger Agent, 249 West Fourth street, Cincin- 
nati, O. ....... . . . . 

W. F. Tibbitts, Traveling Passenger Agent, Denver, Col. 
A. N. Oliver, City Passenger Agent,. Denver, Col. 
S. K. Hooper, General Passenger Agent, Denver, Col. 



RAILROADS FROM CHICAGO TO THE MISSOURI RIVER 



CONNECTING WITH UNION PACIFIC AND MISSOURI PACIFIC. 

Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, Chicago 
& Northwestern, Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, Chicago & Atlantic, Wabash, 
Illinois Central. For particulars address agent of these roads at Chicago^ 
As rates of fare fluctuate, it would be well to inquire of your nearest railroad 
agent. Also for locations of lands write to agent S. P. Company at Chicago, 
or to either of the agents in San Francisco. 



RAILROADS IN CALIFORNIA. 

California has perhaps the most complete railroad system in the United 
States. One reason for this is that nearly every one of the roads is under one 
management, and that an able one, which builds the best roads on this conti- 
nent; equipment unsurpassed, and managed so well that not even the slightest 
details are neglected 



THE SOUTHERN PACIFIC COMPANY 



Is frequently confounded with the old Southern Pacific Railroad Company r 
and is not generally understood. There were so many roads belonging to and 
controlled by the oldC. P. R. R. Co. that to avoid confusion, and to centralize 
the matter, a few years ago the Southern Pacific Company was organized and 
the great corporation leases the C. P. R. R from Ogden to Sacramento, the 
Southern Pacific Railroad from San Francisco to New Orleans, the California 
Northern to Portland, Oregon, both branches the South Pacific Coast Railroad, 
the Northern Division of the Southern Pacific Railroad, which runs south 
from San Francisco into San Louis, Obispo County; and many other side 



lines as follows : 

Miles. 

Amador Branch 27 00 

California Northern 26.50 

California Pacific 112.50 

Central Pacific 602.22 

Nox them Railway 148.40 

Sacramento & Placerville 48.50 

San Francisco & Northern Pacific 92.50 

San Pablo & Tulare 46.00 

Southern Pacific 869.50 

Stockton & Copperopolis 44. 63 

Vaca Valley & Clear Lake 29.75 

Nevada County Garrow Gauge 22 50 

North Pacific Coast 76.25 

South Pacific Coast 45.30 

Santa Cruz 21.16 

California Southern 126.86 

Pacific Coast 63.90 

San Joaquin & Southern Nevada 30.30 



— 39 — 



In addition to these a line is under construction from Tracey to Bakersfield 
down the west side of the San Joaquin Valley, via Huron, and from Willows 
to Lower Lake, in Lake County, from Fresno down the eastern side of the 
San Joaquin Valley. The Southern Pacific system, as it is called, is so perfect 
in its arrangements that there are no counties in the State scarcely but what 
has more or less miles of railroads controlled and operated by it Its Central 
Pacific branch was the connecting link of the first great continental line, and 
in all its details is simply perfect; its rolling stock is complete and of the -very 
best Its day coaches are new and magnificent; its sleepers, made by the 
Pullman Car company, are marvels of luxury on wheels. This company has 
recently had constructed some cars called Tourists' Sleepers, with double berths 
in each section a ladies' toilet and cooking room at one end, a wash room and 
smoking room in the other. These cars are used for parties who do not wish 
the expense of Pullman sleepers, and who do not wish to make the round trip. 
No charge is made for the accommodations in these cars, as the passenger can 




EXHIBITION BUILDING CENTRAL CALIFORNIA PRODUCTS, AT SACRAMENTO. SEE IT 
NEAR S. P. CO*S PASSENGER DEPOT. 

take his or her own mattrass, blankets, or whatever bed clothing is deemed 
necessary. The fare to San Francisco from Missouri River points, as Council 
Bluffs or Kansas City, is $35.50 for persons who go in these cars. These are 
through tickets and limited, giving the passenger no stop off privilege. These 
cars run on the New Orleans route, and from Ogden to San Francisco. A 
glance at the accompanying map will show what counties are penetrated by 
the lines of road operated by this company. The rates of fare by the overland 
roads are much less than on any railroad east of the Rocky Mountains, being 
less than 2 cents per mile on through traffic, while local fares in California are 
about the same as in the East. The gentlemen whose genius has constructed 
the lines of railroads in California have reason to congratulate themselves on 
the abundant success of their spirit of enterprise, and their roads have made it 
possible for people to live on or cultivate lands which otherwise would have to 



— 40 — 



this day remained a wilderness. These roads have been the civilizing influence 
which has brought California out to be the greatest of all the States and the 
brightest star in the constellation. The railroads are constructed of steel rail- 
none of it less than 60 pounds to the yard; all the hundreds of miles of track 
so well ballasted that there is no swaying jolting motion to the cars, and a 40 
mile an hour rate is the usual thing with their trains. This company owns 
much land yet in California and letters addressed to W. H. Mill, Land Agent 
C. P. R. R., or Jerome Madden, Land Agent S. P. R. R., at San Francisco, 
will always meet prompt attention. 

The principal officers of the Southern Pacific Company are as follows: 

President— Leland Stanford. 

Vice-President — Col. C. F. Crocker. 

Assistant Vice-President — Stephen T. Gage. 

General Manager — A. N. Towne. 

General Superintendent — J. A. Fillmore. 

Assistant General Superintendent — R, H. Pratt. 

General Traffic Manager — J. C. Stubbs. 

General Passenger and 1 icket Agent — T. H. Goodman. 

General Freight Agent — Richard Gray. 

Assistant General Passenger and Ticket Agent — R. A. Donaldson. 
2d Assistant G. P. A , Jas. S. Horsburg. 
Assistant General Traffic Manager — Wm. Sproule. 

Executive Committee of Board of Directors — Stephen T. Gage, Col. C. F. 
Crocker, Timothy Hopkins. 



THE UNION PACIFIC RAILWAY. 

This great national highway is so well known, not only throughout the 
United States, but all over the world, that a mere reference to it in this book 
would seem sufficient, yet for the benefit of those who have never had the 
pleasure of riding over its smooth track, and thus had an opportunity of gaz- 
ing upon the fine scenery along its route, the following is appended. 

It formed a part of the first trans-continental line of railroad from ocean to 
ocean, and was conceived, and its construction authorized, as a war measure, 
the needs of the government during the last war having clearly shown the 
necessity for it. When first talked of many thought the feat of constructing a 
line of railroad over the Rocky Mountains an utter impossibility. Many of 
those who had crossed the plains, deserts and mountains to California in 
'49-50, knew very well a railroad could not be built there, for "how could a 
locomotive ascend a mountain where six yoke of cattle could scarcely haul a 
wagon." It must be remembered that the line of this road follows almost ex- 
actly the old emigrant wagon road, not only on the plains on the north side of 
the Platte river, through the State of Nebraska, but in fact all the way to 
Ogden, in Utah Territory. In the days of '49-50, when long trains of gold 
seekers, after out fitting at Council Bluffs, wended their way over the plains, 
the country was filled with hostile Indians, herds of wild buffalo, 
deer and antelope There was scarcely a house west of the Elkhorn 
River within 20 miles of Omaha. Now the traveler sits in a luxurious 
Pullman car, and is whirled over the smooth railroad at 40 miles an 
hour past villages, towns and cities filled with active, busy, intelligent people, 
and as far as the eye can reach on either side of the road f rms join each other 



— 41 — 



and a million and a half of people live in the State of Nebraska, through which 
the road runs 

It is a pleasant occupation, as one is whirled thus swiftly along, to close his 
eyes and let the present aspect of prosperity and thriftiness roll away, and call 
up scenes of early days which have now passed into the history of this 
country. 

A long train of covered wagons, or prairie schooners, hauled by weary look- 
ing cattle, which find a scanty subsistence on the tufts of buffalo grass, the 
only feed for stock. In the wagons the women and children, a led horse, a 
faithful dog or two, and clouds of dust accompanying the procession. At 
nightfall fires gleam brightly where a few scanty brush is obtainable; the 
picket guard established lest the thieving Indians constantly lurking around 
should stampede the stock or make an attack on the emigrants, murder them 
-all and rob and pillage the train. Herds of buffalo come down from the 
uplands to slake their thirst in the waters of the Platte River, and the solitude 
of night is broken by the shrill bark of coyotes, which hang around camp to 
feast upon the debris. But the days of weary travel are over. Swiftly mov- 
ing trains carry the traveler further in one hour than the emigrants made in 
two days. 

This railroad is one of the very best on this continent. Every improvement 
which human ingenuity has invented for the safety or comfort of the traveler, 
is in use on the U. P. Railway, and it has been operated so many years, hav- 
ing been finished in 1869, that all weak points at all assailable by the snow, 
liave been protected, while the country adjacent to it is so well settled that 
should an accident occur to delay trains, the passengers would be certain to be 
well cared for, and a trip over it is perfectly safe at all seasons of the year. 
For nearly 500 miles west of Omaha there are no heavy grades or curves. The 
Pacific Hotel company run the eating houses and no better meals are to be 
found on any railroad in the United States. 

Reference has been made to the prosperous towns and cities on this line. 
Fremont, 47 miles west of Omaha, is a city of over 5,000 inhabitants. Grand 
Island, 113 miles farther west, has over 5,000, with lateral branches of the U. 
P. both north and south; 40 miles farther west Kearney, with 4,000 inhabi- 
tants, the junction of the B. & M. R R. North Platte, 291 miles west of 
Omaha, with 3,000 inhabitants; Sidney, 100 miles farther with 1,500, and a mili- 
tary post, and next Cheyenne, the capitol of Wyoming Territory, with 10,000 
people. Here has recently been erected a| beautiful depot by the railroad 
company. Cheyenne is situated at the base of the foot hills of the Rocky 
Mountains, and is 6,038 feet above sea level, and in coming from Omaha, 
distant 516 miles, the traveler has ascended about 5,000 feet, but so gently as 
to be imperceptible. A branch of t e U P R. R runs from this city to 
Denver, the capitol of Colorado, distant 100 miles. After leaving Cheyenne the 
train climbs a grade of 2,000 feet in 33 miles to Sherman, 8,235 feet above sea 
level, and the highest point on the line between Omaha and San Francisco. 
A monument to Oakes Ames, the projector of this road has been erected here, 
and is an object of interest to the traveler. It can be seen on the left hand 
side of the train going west. Between there and Laramie, 24 miles, are many 
objects of interest to the traveler. At Dale Creek the train crosses on an iron 
bridge 180 feet high, and away off to the southward can be seen Pike's Peak 
and other high elevations of the Rocky Mountains, while to the northward are 
buttes of red sandstone seeming to be ancient fortresses castles and buildings 
Between ' Sherman and La r amie the e were formerly several miles of sn >w 



- 42 — 



sheds, but the company has recently widened the cuts so that their use is now 
unnecessary. We a- e now on the 

GREAT LARAMIE PLAINS, 

which stretch away for miles on either side and which affords pasturage for 
thousands of cattle and horses. 

Fifty miles west of Laramie is Rock Creek. In this locality there are im - 
mense coal beds, and this is the locality made famous by the massacre of 
Chinese laborers a few years ago, w T hen the noble army of white men empha- 
sized their remark of "the Chinese must go,"' by murdering a lot of them. 

Thirty-four miles west is Carbon, also in the coal region, a town of consider- 
able importance, having a population of about 1,500. 

Rawlins, 52 miles farther, is a town of 2,500 people. It is named after Gen. 
John A. Rawlins, chief of staff for Gen. Grant during the war and afterwards 
secretary of war during Grant's first term as president. 

Green River, 136 miles farther west, is where the Oregon line to Portland 
leaves the main stem. It is the end of a division and has a population of 
about 1,000. Evanston, 110 miles west, is the last town of importance in 
Wyoming Territory and contains a population of about 2,000. The next 100 
miles west abounds in magnificent scenery, the t r ain passing through Echo 
and Weber canyons and the principal objects being Castle Rock, Pulpit Rock, 
Devil's Slide, and several pallisades, and the 1,000 mile tree. These are in 
Utah Territory; and Ogden, 1,032 miles west of Omaha is the largest city in 
that territory except Salt Lake City, 36 miles distant, reached by two lines of 
railroad. Ogden is situated in Salt Lake Valley, and contains a population of 
8,000. It has street railways, electric lights and good hotels. It is 4,300 feet 
above v the sea level, the climate being a very fine one. A railroad owned by 
the U. P Railway company runs north from here into Idaho and Montana, 
and connects with a line to Portland 

From Sherman west to Ogden the road runs at an elevation most of the 
entire distance of from 4,300 to 6,000 feet, and abounds in magnificent scenery 
peculiar to the Rocky and Wasatch mountains. The equipment of the Union 
Pacific road is of the very best. Pullman Palace sleeping cars on all trains, and 
those who go second class are hauled in excursion sleepers daily on express 
trains, no charge being made for the sleepers. At Ogden the trains connect 
directly with those on the Central Pacific, and the passengers are subjected to 
no delay. Through passeng ers can go to San Francisco or Los Angeles in the 
same car, without change, and baggage is checked through to all points. In 
fact under the able management of J. L. Kimballthis line is increasing in 
favor, as its rapidly increasing business testifies. 

Thos S. Kimball is general manager, Mr. J. S. Tibbetts] general passenger 
and ticket agent and Mr. E. L. Lomax assistant general passenger and ticket 
agent. The general offices are in Omaha. Chicago office, 191 Clark street. 

Leaving Kansas City, the young giant of the west, at the junction of the 
Kaw or Kansas River with the Missouri by the Kansas Pacific division of the 
Union Pacific Railway, c ne passes through some of the finest farming land of 
the west, and a succession of thriving cities and towns First, Lawrence, the 
scene of many exciting events during the time when it was a quesiion whether 
Kansas was to be a free-soil or slave state. Topeka, the capitol of the state 
and the largest city, containing some 35,000 people. Here the A. T. & S. F. 
system have their headquarters and extensive shops. Junction City, next, is 
so called from the fact that here the M. K. & T. R. R. has a branch reaching 
to Texas, Arkansas and the Gulf of Mexico. Just east of here you see on your 



— 43 — 



left an old white building which is the place where the first territorial legis- 
lature of Kansas held its sessions. Abelene, is a thriving town of 8,000 inhabi- 
tants, which was a few years ago the terminus of the great Texas drives. 
Civilization, however, soon put a stop to this, and now we find the end of the 
trail at Hugo, Col., 500 miles west of the Missouri Eiver, but to-day the drive 
is far less important, and only hundreds of cattle are driven where it used to 
be thousands. At Solomon and Salina you pass two more typical western 
cities — fine buildings, broad streets and a general air of thrift and prosperity. 
Between Salina and Ellsworth the road runs through the Harker Hills, where 
the traveler sees many cairns of stones, mementoes of John C Fremont, the 
pathfinder. From Ellsworth to the boundary line of the state you pass 
through what a very few years ago appeared on all school geographies as the 
Great American Desert, and it was considered a hopeless waste, forever 
devoted to jack rabbits, prairie dogs and buffalo, but as you roll along at a 
speed of 35 miles an hour in a Pullman car you see a succession of prosperous 
communities and fields of corn extending as far as the eye can reach. At 
Cheyenne, Col., is a well of the purest water that is found between the 
Missouri River and Deme. A few years ago the United States government 
sunk a well here some 1,800 feet endeavoring to solve the water question by a 
series of artesian wells. Water was found but not a flowing well. When 
they reached a depth of 1,850 feet their machinery broke and the well was 
abandoned. A year ago, however, the Union Pacific plugged up the deep 
well at a depth of 180 feet and since then have pumped all the water needed 
for their locomotives. A town has sprung up and the days of large unfenced 
ranches in Eastern Colorado are over. From Cheyenne the road climbs 
rapidly unti First View is reached. This station is so called because here the 
passenger gets his first view of the snow capped mountains of Colorado, with 
Grays Peak in the west and Pikes Peak on the south. 

The descent is rapid into Denver, with a population of 85,000, the queen 
city of the mountains and capital of Colorado, the Centennial State. This 
city was the basis of supply for the mountain towns at the time of the famous 
Pike's Peak gold excitement, long before the Union Pacific had even been 
started; when the plains were dotted with the now almost obsolete prairie 
schooner, each one bearing the legend. "To Pike's Peak or Bust." The gold 
excitement died out, but soon the wonderful richness of the other mineral 
resources of Colorado became known, and since then the growth of Denver 
has been wonderful. The dry climate of Colorado is said to be unrivalled for 
all diseases of the lungs, if the patient goes there in time. From Denver, the 
ride to Cheyenne for the first 60 miles is through a succession of fine farms and 
towns. Here the Eastern traveler for the first time sees fields of alfalfa of a 
deep green color grown by the use of irrigating ditches, the water for which 
is brought down from the mountains in large canals and thence distributed by 
means of smaller ditches. This method of farming is a necessity in Colorado 
as for months at a time in the dry season it never rains. However, the melt- 
ing of the snow on the lofty mountains furnishes a supply of water sufficient 
to irrigate the entire state if necessary. The run of 107 miles from Denver to 
Cheyenne is made in short order, and at the latter point the traveler joins t' e 
main line of the U. P. and starts for his long journey to California and the 
Golden Gate. 



— 44 — 



A JOURNEY ACROSS THE CONTINENT VIA THE SCENIC LINE. 

The Denver and Rio Grande Railroad is the only trans-continental route 
passing through Salt Lake City, connecting the trunk lines at Denver and 
Pueblo with the Central Pacific at Ogden. "While its branches still form a vast 
network over all Colorado — reaching every mining camp and productive sec- 
tion of the State, penetrating deep canons, and climbing the highest mountains 
— the main line has been extended westward over snowy heights, through 
shadowy gorges, across plains and up fertile valleys, to and beyond the City of 
the Saints A profusion of grand and beautiful scenery exists all along its 
entire length. There are mountains of every conceivable shape and size; 
secluded parks containing long stretches of the fairest farm-land; foaming tor" 
rents and broad rivers; wild, dark canons; dense thickets and mirror-like lakes 
nestling beneath green mountain slopes. The topography constantly changes; 
now the eye rests on the wildest grandeur, and where the elements hold un- 
contested sway; then the scene is mild and beautiful, with rich simplicity. At 
one time confusion: at another perfect order Arctic heights this hour, summer 
lowlands the next. Farms are lost, only to reappear beyond the forests which 
intervene; tiny streams become wide rivers, and changes are wrought as quick 
as thought while moving on from town to city. The road opens to civilization 
some of the richest districts of both the state and the territory. The western 
limits of Colorado and the eastern confines of Utah, the wealth of the "Wasatch 
Range and the prolific Utah and Salt Lake valleys, are brought into direct 
communication with the East, and placed within reach of the capitalist and 
the settler. 

A full description of all the scenery encountered between Denver and Ogden 
would require much more space than is here allotted, and it will therefore be 
practicable to notice only a few of the attractions, and these briefly. From 
Denver the railway follows the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains for one 
hundred and twenty miles. To the east stretch the sea-like plains, rolling 
silent and brown, On the west rises the irregular shaped, blue-tinted range, 
beyond whose low and green wooded foothills peer majestic peaks with snow- 
capped summits. On the crest of the divide which separates the water of the 
Platte from those of the Arkansas, is Palmer Lake, with its flashing boats, its 
picturesque pavilion, and the soft cool breezes which render it so popular in 
summer days At Colorado Springs, famous the world over as a winter resort, 
a short branch extends westward to 

MANITOU, 

located at the very base of Pike's Peak, and shut in on three sides by the foot- 
hills which hide it from view until a sudden turn exposes its hotels, cottages 
and green surroundings. Known as the Saratoga of the "West, on account of 
the medicinal springs which it possesses, Manitou in reality is far superior ui 
attractiveness to its namesake It lies within easy reach of Nature's grandeurs, 
and the different rides and rambles are full of surprises and delights. A nar 
row trail leads by steep grades to the summit of Pike's Peak, following all the 
while the banks of a mountain stream, and affording extended views, through 
clefts in the range, of the cloud-patched plains beyond. From the snow- 
covered top of this grand peak, Colorado is spread out at the observer's feet in 
all its harmonious confusion. Mountains plains, parks, rivers and lakes meet 
the eye at every turn, and the sight is one to linger in one's memory forever. 
Another pathway, the Ute Pass, extends to Manitou Park, where a mountain- 



— 45 — 



hemmed valley, watered by a twisted stream, reposes in the midst of odorous 
forests. Near the hotels is Williams Canon, a red-rock gorge worn by the 
waters long ago, and containing in one side of its high walls the mysterious 
Cave of the Winds. The hundred or more chambers of this cave are filled with 



stalactites and stalag- 
the light of the torches 
Not far away is t he 
It is filled with various 
ous shapes, and at its 
immense ledges of red 
the prows of two huge 
Cheyenne Canon is a 
leaps into a granite 
broken seven times by 
the cliffs; and other 
found in Ute Pass on 
Bouille, and in Queen's 
Manitou's hotels are 
with tourists, who 
in visiting the varied 
Eyrie, Austin's Glen, 
Iron Springs and Blair 
b y thousands who 
esque beauty. The 
tou is delightfully cool 
of shade, and good 
Resuming our jour- 
we soon pass Pueblo, 
divisions of the Den- 
diverge for Wagon 
and Silverton, and the 




RAINBOW FALLS. 



mites which glisten in 
held by explorers* 
Garden of the Gods, 
colored rocks of curi- 
entrance stand two 
sandstone resembling 
ships. In South 
beauti ul fall, which 
basin after being 
projecting terraces of 
cataracts may be 
the Fontaine - qui- 
Cafion. In summer, 
filled to overflowing 
never seem to weary 
attractions. Glen 
Rainbow Falls, the 
Athol are frequented 
admire their pictur- 
atmosphere of Mani- 
there is an abundance 
roads everywhere, 
ney on the main line, 
where the southern 
ver and Rio Grande 
Wheel Gap, Santa Fe, 
sublime scenery of 



Southern Colorado and New Mexico. Just beyond Canon City we reach the 

GRAND CANON OF THE ARKANSAS, 

the narrowest portion of which is known as the Royal Gorge. When first ex- 
amined it seemed impossible that a railway could ever be constructed through 
this stupendous canon to Leadville and the West. There was scarcely room 
for the river alone, and granite ledges blocked the path with their mighty bulk. 
In time, however, these obstructions were blasted away, a road-bed closely fol- 
lowing the contour of the cliffs was made, and to-day the canon is a well-used 
thoroughfare. But its grandeur still remains. After entering its depths, the 
train moves slowly along the side of the Arkansas, and around projecting 
shoulders of dark-hued granite, deeper and deeper into the heart of the range. 
The crested crags grow higher, the river madly foams along its rocky bed, and 
anon the way becomes a mere fissure through the heights. Far above the road 
the sky forms a deep, blue arch of light; but in the Gorge hang dark and som- 
bre shades which the sun's rays have never penetrated. The place is a meas- 
ureless gulf of air with solid walls on either side. Here the granite cliffs are a 
thousand feet high, smooth and unbroken by tree or shrub; and there a pinna- 
cle soars skyward for thrice that distance. No flowers grow, and the birds care 
not to penetrate the solitudes. The river, sombre and swift, breaks the awful 
stillness with its roar. Soon the cleft becomes still more narrow, the treeless 
cliffs higher, the river closer confined, and where a long iron bridge hangs 



— 46 — 



suspended from the smooth walls, the grandest portion of the canon is reached. 
Man becomes dwarfed and dumb in the sublime scene, and Nature exhibits the 
power she possesses. The crags menacingly rear their heads above the daring 
intruders, and the place is like the entrance to some infernal region. 

Escaping from the Gorge, the narrow valley of the upper Arkansas is trav- 
ersed, with the striking serrated peaks of the Sangre de Cristo close at hand on 




MANITOU AND PIKE'S PEAK. 



the west, until Salida is reached. Here a branch of the railway bears iu /-in- 
ward to Leadville to Freemont Pass, and the Mount of the Holy Cross, vnile 
the main line crosses the Arkansas, leaves Poncha Springs on the left, climbs 
into a narrowing but verdant valley running down between low-browed nills. 
and begins to scale the heights of 

MARSHALL PASS, 

that wonderful pathway over the Continental Divide. The grades at first are 
only moderately steep. A clear stream gurgles through the thick growth of 
brush, and eastward lies the range we have passed along. Soon however, the 
hills merge into mountains, and press more closely together. Looking up at 



— 48 — 



the distant summit, there is seen a narrow rim of earth which marks the on- 
ward course of the road. Gradually we move upward. The prospect broadens, 
and soon the valley lies far below. Now the ascent begins in earnest. Two 
sturdy engines toil and pant, the curves are sharp and frequent, banks of snow 
surround us, and tangled masses of half-dead forests, with fallen trees and 
others bent by the fierce winds, are on every side. Iu an hour's time we are at 
the summit, 10,858 feet above the sea. Looking back over the way we have 
come, Mount Ouray stands, bare, solitary and high above its mates, at our 
left. Around it lies a sea of granite billows, tumbled wildly together, and 
holding within their giant embrace green valleys and sparkling streams. Away 
in the distance rise the long continued heights of the Sangre de Cristo Range; 
white with everlasting snows on their crests, but lower down covered with 
dark forests. At their base is the great San Luis Park, sloping away into an 
unseen distance. The wind is cold; all nature hardened; and a silence, deep, 
unfathomable, reigns about us. But turning to the westward, the scene 
changes. The view embraces less formidable heights, and is more soft, sub- 
dued and beautiful. At our feet, and doubling back and forth down the 
mountain side, are the loops of the road leading to the valley. It disappears 
within the forests, but is seen again far down the narrow vale. There runs 
Tomichi Creek, through sylvan shades, and beyond, hazy, obscured in the dis- 
tance, is the broad plateau on which Gunnison City stands. "We are above all 
neighboring peaks, and the country is exposed beneath us, with its every beau- 
ty shown. The eye is untrammeled in its vision, sweeping at will the mighty 
areas about. The descent begins, and the road winds around projecting head- 
lands, on the verge of vast precipices, treads dark recesses where patches of 
light fall through leafy canopies upon the green slopes, follows the windings 
of the Tomichi, and later courses through cultivated meadows dotted with hay- 
stacks and small ranch houses. As the train rolls swiftly on, a backward 
glance gives the traveler a comprehensive idea of the vast heights overcome in 
the passage. 

Beyond Gunnison, the railway traverses the valley of the same name, fol- 
lowing the river closely, and encountering nothing but meadows and low> 
grayish cliffs. Soon, however, the channel, which the stream has worn, be- 
comes narrower. The cliffs grow higher and steeper, the vegetation is less 
abundant, and suddenly the sunlight is cut off by broken summits, and the 

BLACK CANON OF THE GUNNISON 

holds us fast in its embrace. This gorge is grander, deeper, darker, and yet 
more beautiful than the one we have so lately penetrated. It is thrice as long, 
has more verdure, and, although the walls are dark-hued enough to give the 
place its name, still they are of red sandstone in many places, and from their 
crevices and on their tops shrubs, cedars, and pinons grow in rich abundance. 
The river has a deep, sea-green color, and is followed to Cimarron Creek, up 
which the road continues, still through rocky depths, to open country beyond. 
The Black Canon never tires, never becomes commonplace. Here a waterfall 
starts from a dizzy height, is dashed into fragments by lower terraces, and, 
tossed by the winds, reaches the river in fine white spray; there another catar- 
act leaps clear off the walls, and thunders unbroken upon the ground beside 
us. In the cliffs are smaller streams, which trickle down and are lost in the 
river below. At times the canon narrows, and is full of sharp curves, but 
again has long, wide stretches, which enable one to study the steep crags tt at 
tower heavenward two or three thousand feet. Currecenti Needle, the most 
abrupt and isolated of these pinnacles, has all the grace and symmetry of a 



— 49 — 



Cleopatra obelisk. It is red-hued from point to base, and stands like a grim 
sentinel, watchful of the canon's solitudes. At the junction of the Gunnison 
and the Cimarron a bridge spans the gorge, from which the beauties of the 
canon are seen at their best. Sombre shades prevail; the streams fill the space 
with heavy roars, and the sunlight falls upon the topmo-t pines, but never 
reaches down the dark red walls. Huge boulders lie scattered about ; fitful 
winds sweep clown the deep clefts ; Nature has created everthing on a grand 




THE ROYAL GORGE. 

scale ; detail is supplanted by magnificence, and the place is one appealing to 
our deepest feelings. It greets us as a thing of beauty, and will remain in our 
memory a joy forever. Long ago the Indians of the region built their council 
fires here. By secret paths, always guarded, they ga'ned these fastnesses, and 
held their grave and sober meetings. The firelight danced across their swarthy 



— 50 — 



faces to the cliffs encircling them. The red glow lit up with Rembrandt tints 
the massive walls, the surging streams and clinging vines. They may not 
have known the place had beauties, but they realized its isolation, and fearing 
nothing in their safe retreat, spoke boldly of their plans. 

Emerging from the Black Canon, the railway climbs Cedar Divide. From 
here the Uncompahgre Valley, its river, and the distant, picturesque peaks of 
the San Juan are within full sight of the traveler. Desce* ding to the valley, 
and following the river past Montrose, the Gunnison is again encountered at 
Delta. Thence traversing the rich farming land of the Ute reservation, the 




CASTLE GATE. 

road passes through th lower Gunnison Canon, with its varied and attractive 
scenery, to Grand Junction, where it enters Grand River Valley. The space of 
over one hundred m les intervening between the Grand and Green rivers, re- 
sembles a billowy desert, and while the most uninteresting section of the route » 
is far from dreary or monotonous. Close by on the north are the richly color- 
ed Book Cliffs, while away to the southward the snowy groups of the Sierra la 
Sal and San Rafael glisten in the distance. Between them may be distinguish- 
ed the broken walls which mark the Grand Canons of the Colorado, scarcely 
fifty miles away. Beyond Green River and Castle Valley commences the 



— 51 — 



steep ascent of the Wasatch Mountains, and the beautiful in nature again 
appears, the first effect being 

CASTLE GATE, 

guarding the entrance to Price River Canon, and through which the railway 
runs into the very heart of the range. Castle Gate is similar in many respects 
to the gateway in the Garden of the Gods. Two huge pillars, or ledges of 
rock composing it, are offshoots of the cliffs behind, They are of different 
heights, one measuring five hundred, and the other four hundred and fifty feet, 
from top to base. They are richly dyed with red, and the firs and pines grow- 
ng about them, but reaching only to their lower strata, render this coloring 
more noticeable and beautiful. Between the two sharp promontories, which 
are separated only by a narrow space, the river and the railway both run, one 
pressing closely *> gainst the other. The stream leaps over a rocky bed, and its 
banks are lined with t angled brush. Once past the gate, and looking back, the 
bold headlands forming it have a new and more attractive beauty. They are 
higher and more massive, it seems, than when we were in their shadow. 
Church-like caps hang far over the perpendicular faces. No other pinnacles 
approach them in size or majesty. They are landmarks up and down the 
canon, their lofty tops catching the eye before their bases are discovered. It 
was down Price River Canon, an d past Castle Gate, that Sydney Johnson 
marched his army home from Utah. For miles now, and until the mountains 
are crossed, the route chosen by the General is closely followed. The gateway 
is hardly lost to view by a turn in the canon before we are scaling wooded 
he ghts. The river is never lost sight of. The cliffs which hem us in are filled 
with curious forms. Now there is seen a mighty castle, with moats and 
towers, loopholes and wall; now a gigantic head appears. At times side 
t anons, smaller than the one we are in, lead to verdant heights beyond, where 
game of every variety abounds, 

Still pushing westward, the road reaches the summit, glides down Soldier 
Canon, through the R^d Narrows, and into Spanish Fork Canon, with its fresh 
foliage, soft contours, charming contrasts, and whispering waters. It is the 
resort of an artist. Suddenly the train darts out into 

UTAH VALLEY, 

a mountain-girded, well-cultivated park. It has an arcadian beauty, and 
resembles the vales of Scotland, In its center rests a lake, where 

" * * the stars and mountains view 

The stillness of their aspect in each trace 

Its clear depth yields of their far height and hue." 

A little back from the lake stand the towns of Provo and Spring ville, shaded 
by the near peaks of the range. Utah Valley possesses a fertile soil, a delight- 
ful climate, and is one of the best farming sections of Utah. Fruit trees and 
grape vines grow as readily as hay and cereals. Eastward the oblong-shaped 
basin is shut in by the Wasatch Mountains; and on the west is the Oquirrh 
Range. Northward are low hills, or mesas, crossing the valley and separating 
it from that ( f the Great Salt Lake; while in the south the east and west ranges 
approach each other and form blue-tinted walls of uneven shape. To the left 
of this barrier Mount Nebo, highest and gtandest of the Utah peaks, rises ma- 
jestically above all surroundings Its summit sparkles with snow, its lower 
slopes are wooded and soft, while from it, and extending north and south, run 
vast, broken, varicolored confreres; The valley is like a well-kept garden; 
farm joins farm, crystal streams water it; and scattered about in rich profu- 




CURRECANTI NEEDLE. 



— 53 — 



sion are long lines of fruit trees, amid which are trim white houses, Nothing 
is harsh; the lake lights up the picture; the ranges are veiled beneath a soft 
haze, and in the autumn long lines of color reach from base to summit, where 
the frosts have painted in rainbow hues the maples, box elders and willows, 

Passing Provo, the railway leads along the banks of the river Jordan. This 
stream flows from Utah Lake northward into Salt Lake through a narrow 
channel which it has worn among the mesas separating the two basins. The 
Narrows, as this gorge is called, shut off the sight of surrounding mountains 
for a time. Sage brush grows in abundance, and the river is the home of wild 
fowl. All is brown, rank and lonely. But directly the road escapes from all 
confinement, the hills recede, and, stretching out its broad length before the 
observer, is 

SALT LAKE VALLEY, 

fertile as a garden. On the one side are the Wasatch Mountains, with high 
peaks, which grow mightier in the northward until they pierce the azure in 
sharp white cones Opposite them, and forming the western limits of the val- 
ley, are the lower heights of the Oquirrh Range, from the base of which gentle 
elopes extend down to the banks of the Jordon. Northward, and lying cold 
and still, is Salt Lake, from out whose waters rise solitary mountain islands. 
Along the entire length of the valley there are countless farms. In some of 
the field are stacks of hay ; in others cattle are feeding or green vegetables 
growing. Hardly a foot of ground remains uncultivated. In the ranges are 
shaded canons, into which one may look, as the train passes, to where bright 
streams are flowing amid a mass of foliage. There is a wealth of coloring; 
bright green in the mountains; pure white on the peaks; blue in the dim dis- 
tance, and nearer the traveler extended patches of yellow wheat scattered 
among the lesser lengths of vegetable gardens. The air is mild, and birds fill 
the trees Nature seems to have smiled on the region, and basking in her 
pleasure the beautiful valley captivates all who see it In such a spot might 
Evangeline have lived; it is the Eden of the West. At its upper end lies Salt 
Lake City, overlooking the lake, and pressing closely against the mountains on 
whose lower slopes it stands. From the Narrows the dim outlines of the city 
may be seen, half obscured by the thin wreaths of smoke above it, and nestling 
like a white patch in the landscape, under the shadow of Ensign Park, which 
guards it on the north. Intervening stretches the vaUey — 

Half drowned in sleepy peace it lay. 
As satiate with the boundless play 
Of sunshine in its green array. " 

Straight up this little world of beauty runs the Denver and Rio Grande. Along 
its line are small villages ; now a town peopled by agriculturists, who have 
planted shady groves about their homes; and again a place with huge smelters 
and furnaces, whose tall chimneys send forth volumes of flame and smoke. 
Gradually the lake is approached. Its placid waters reflect the clouds above, 
and the peaks around it. To its right is our Mecca, 

SALT LAKE CITY. 

It is so located as to command a view of the entire valley, both ranges of 
mountains, and the southern portion of the lake. The streets are wide, and 
lined on either side by long rows of shade trees. The business sections are well 
built, and the private dwellings are almost invariably situated within large 
squares, and have trees and lawns about them, As it is a Mormon city, the 
first attraction are those which the Saints have created. The Mormon Temple, 




/ 



— 55 — 



Tabernacle and Assembly Hall occupy a large square. The Tabernacle is im- 
mense in its proportions, the roof resembling an upturned boat, and is visible 
from nearly every part of the city The Temple is still unfinished, but even 
now its massive walls of granite bespeak the future magnificence of the edi- 
fice. Near by is the Bee Hive, once the home of Brigham Young, and opposite 
the house of President Taylor. The hot springs of Salt Lake are highly medi- 
cinal, and the large baths are resorted to for many ailments Within a short 
radius of the city the attractions are varied and numerous Fort Douglas, the 
Lake, Emigration. City, Bingham, Little and Big Cottonwood canons are 
easily reached From Ensign Peak a panoramic view of the surrounding- 
country is had One may look from it down the greater part of Utah's length, 
while near at hand lies ihe city and lake. The Fort is also a popular resort, 
and not only commands an extensive view, but affords excellent opportunities 
of studying garris n life Bingham and Alta, on branches of the Denver and 
Rio Grande, are mining towns, where great activity prevails. The rides, 
drives, and rambles are innumerable. Every taste is catered to For those 
who love grandeur, there are the mountains, with their narrow trails, secluded 
parks, wild canons and deep gorges; for those preferring gentler aspects, the 
valley, glowing with freshness, affords continual pleasure; for these craving 
the mysterious, there is the lake, large, silent and strange. The hotels are ex- 
cellent, the climate unexcelled, and days may be passed delightfully in explor- 
ing and in studying the wealth of attractions. There are theatres, reading 
rooms, good horses, perfect order, and universal cleanliness Many of the pri- 
vate homes are palatial, and altogether the city is one of rare beauty and 
interest. 

From Salt Lake City to Ogden, the railway traverses a narrow plain. On 
the one side are the dead waters; on the other the sharp peaks of the Wasatch 
Range. The region is highly cultivated. Farms reach their brown or green 
fields over its length and breadth, and little streams run in bright threads out 
of the mountain canons and across the meadows. And the lake itself ! Always 
mysterious, it appeals to the imagination of every traveler. It sleeps forever 
No waves dance over it, no surf roar breaks the stillness about it. Is it sulky? 
one wonders. Does it recall the time when its waters covered all of Utah ? Is 
it jealous of the mountains about it, remembering when they were battled 
against ? What history belongs to it ; why has it alone remained, part of a 
mighty ocean, salt and lifeless ? The high peaks are radiant and full of life; 
but the Lake is dull and heavy. We speed past its inert masses, traverse the 
farms, enter an amphitheatre with mountains all around, and at Ogden say 
farewell to "The Scenic Route" which has brought us safely, and all too quick- 
ly, to our journey's end. 

No one can better understand the incapacity of our language for adequately 
portraying the marvels of Nature than the traveler over the Denver and Rio 
Grande Railroad What then can be the effect upon a stranger of what is at 
best but a faint attempt at the indescribable? Glowing words cannot so stimu- 
late the imagination that disappointment will follow a personal visit In this 
respect it is unlike any other anticipation It remains, therefore, to advise all 
overland travelers to so plan their journeys as to include this marvelous experi- 
ence. Through tickets via the Denver and Rio Grande may be secured every- 
where, and any desired informatton concerning this extensive mountain 
system will be furnished cheerfully by 

S K. HOOPER, 

General Passenger and Ticket Agent, 
Denver. Colo. 



— 56 — 



THE CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD. 



Following the description of the route over the Union Pacific and Denver 
& Rio Grande Railroads from Ogden, the traveler to California will go over 
the Central Pacific, which is the continuous route. Many readers will re- 
member the driving of the last spike, which was done in May, 1869, thus 
forming a perfect iron highway from ocean to ocean. This occurred about 50 
miles west of Odgen, although the commissioners fixed the terminus of each 
line at Ogden. 

From Ogden westward the road winds around the head of the 

GREAT SALT LAKE, 

and for many miles the traveler is within sight of this famous body of water, 
which is so impregnated with salt as to make it impossible for one to sink in 
it, hence there is no record of any'person ever having been drowned in it. 
The country hereabouts is mountainous, and is utilized as a vast pasturage 
for thousands of cattle The elevation above sea level of the road through 
this country varies from 4,C00 to 5,00 > feet, the lake itself being some 4.200 
feet elevation. Promontory and Corriime are the two prominent towns in 
Utah through which the road jDasses. Elko is the first town in Nevada of 
any importance, although there are others, such as Pallisades, Battle Moun- 
tain, Minnemucca. Wadsworth. Reno and others. At Pallisades the Humbolt 
River passes through a range of mountains, and the railroad following the 
■windings of the stream, is between the two high walls which almost shuts 
out the sunlight. The scene is one of the attractions for lovers of the wild, 
wierd and beautiful. While the traveler passes along this route the softest 
tints can be seen on the landscape, and the coloring of the skies at sunset or 
sunrise is something wonderfully beautiful. At Pallisades a narrow guage 
road leads off to the silver mines of Southeastern Nevada, 

Remnants of the once powerful Piute tribe of Indians are now observed at 
nearly every station, but the noble red man has deteriorated into a very ordi- 
nary and very dirty bummer 

After passing Pallisades the road runs through a wide valley, following 
still very nearly the old emigrant trail, and within sight nearly all the time 
of the Humbolt River, and at last the liver forms into a wide, shallow lake 
called the sink, for as it can't find a way through the Sierra Nevada, it sinks 
out of sight, and the queer spectacle is presented of a lake with a river pouring 
in a volume of water constantly and no outlet. The land in this vicinity is 
good pasturage, but until some system of irrigation is inaugurated, can not be 
farmed successfully. At Humbolt station the traveler will find a veritable 
oasis in the desert . Water has been piped down from the mountains and the 
land irrigated, and a fine orchard has been grown, shade trees, flowers, grass 
and grain. A good meal is always to be had here at the station eating house, 
as well as at Reno, where trains always stop for meals At Truckee there is a 



— 57 — 



fine town, built on the river of the same name, and now we are coming to the 
Sierras which loom up grand and stern ahead of us, their sides covered with 
dark pines, and over all a beautiful purple haze seen nowhere else. 

After passing Reno a few miles we begin the ascent of the mountains. The 
road is covered for miles with snow sheds to protect it from the vast bodies 
of snow which cover these mountains in winter. One of the beautiful sights 




visible from the train is Donner Lake, a little gem of beauty, its waters 
sparkling like molten silver, and the mountains and trees mirrored on its 
glassy surface. It is celebrated for the reason that a party of emigrants as 
early as 1846, en route to California, camped here late in the season one night, 
and the next morning such a furious snow storm was progressing that it was 
deemed best to await its subsidence, but it did not subside very soon, and the 
poor wretches were starved to death before aid could reach them, except two 
men. It is stated that the snow in this little valley was 40 feet deep The 
family was named Donner, hence the name. 

The summit of the Sierras being passed, the transition from winter to a land 
of perpetual summer is something wonderful. The traveler will notice thai 



VIEWS ON THE CENTRAL PACIFIC R. R. 



— 59 — 



as the train rushes westward the snow gets thinner and thinner until before 
he reaches 

Cape Horn 

it is all gone. The scene from Cape Horn is one which always delights the 
traveler, and is one of great beauty. Passing Cape Horn you soon reach 
Colfax from which a narrow guage line runs to Grass Valley and Nevada 
City. On down you go passing Auburn and New Castle, great shipping points 
for all kinds of fruits grown in this vicinity, Then we come to Rocklin; see 
the orange trees near station. Roseville Junction, where the line to Oregon 
joins the C. P., and leading off up the great valley of the Sacramento. Twenty 
miles further to Sacramento, the capital of California, you are now in sun- 
land, amid fruits and flowers, and experience the novelty of summer in Janu- 
ary. From here it is 90 miles to San Francisco, to which city you can go 
either via Stockton or down the Suisun Valley. Either way is a delightful 
ride. The C. P. R. R. is controlled by the Southern Pacific company which 
company also operates the Southern Pacific Railroad from San Francisco to 
New Orleaus via Los Angeles; also the line to Monterey, Santa Cruz, Temple- 
ton, to Santa Barbara, up the west side of the Sacramento, and in fact nearly 
all the roads in the State of California. 

Traveling is cheap within the state, and hotel bills not so great as in many 
Eastern States. 



APPENDIX. 



RETAIL PRICES IN INTERIOR TO WNS. 



Farm Wagons from $100 to $125 according 
to size. 



Spring Wagons from $12c 
to size. 



to $150 according 



Two-horse Plows 



CHILLED PLOWS. 

$13 00 I Three-horselPlows $15 00 



STEEL PLOWS. 

Two-horse Plows $U 00 | Three-horse 'Plows $16 00 



MOWING MACHINES. 



"Buckeye" from $85 to $100 

"Woods" from 85 to 100 

"McCormick" from 80 to 90 

"Randolph" Headers (10 ft.) 300 

"Haines" Headers (10 ft.) 300 

Header Trucks $85 to 100 



Horse Rakes (sulky) from $32 to $35 

Horse Rakes (common) from 8 to 10 

Garden Cultivators from 5 to 12 

Small Harrows from 12 to 15 

Spades, Shovels and Hoes .. . from 75c to 1 



CLOTHING. 



Men's Cotton and Wool Cassimere 

Suits $8 00 

Men's all Wool Cassimere Suits, 

$10 00, 12 00 and 15 00 
Men's Chinchilla Sack Coats 5 00 



Men's all Wool Diagonal Suits, (sacks 

and frocks $9 00 

Men's Overalls 50c to 75c 

Men's all Wool Pants. $2, 2.50, 3.00 

Men's heavy Overcoats $5 to 15 00 



tBOOTS AND SHOES 

Men's full stock Kip Boots, $2,50 to 4 50 

Men's full stock Calf Boots 3.75 to 5 00 

Boy's full stock Calf Boots ... 1.75 to 3 Co 
Children's Calf Shoes 90c to 1 00 



Misses' Calf Shoes - l 25 

Ladies' Calf Shoes $1.25 to 1 50 

Ladies' French Kid Shoes 2.C0 to 2 50 

Labies' Pebble Goat Shoes 1.25 to l 75 

Children's low Shoes — 50 



DET GOODS. 



Double width Sheeting, ..2Ccto 25c per yd, 
Pillow Case Muslin .... 12Xcperyd 

1 yd wide Muslin, 7, 8, 9, 10c per yd 

Heavy single width Dress Goods 

l2^c to 15c per yd 
Black and colored, double width 

Cashmeres, 37}£c to 50c per yd 
Black Alpaca £5c per yd 



Table Linens 2fc, 25c. <fc30c per yd 

Linseys 12 ¥c per yd 

All Wool Flannels . . . 25c, 30c and 35c per yd 
Heavy Cassimeres . 50c, 60c and 75c per yd 

Cottonades 2Cc, 25c and 30c per yd 

Double width Waterproofs 50c per yd 

Blankets $1.90 to $3.00 per pair 



GROCEEIES. 



Codfish 7c per lb 

Salmon 3£ bbl $5.00 

Oysters, 2 lb. can $2.25 to 2.75 per doz 

Salmon, 2 lb, can $2.25 to $2.50 per doz 

Peaches, 21b. can . .$2.50 to 3.0U per doz 

Currants, 2 lb. can $2.75 per doz 

Green Corn, 2 lb. can $1.75 per doz 

Tomatoes, 2 lb. can $1.25 per doz 

Green Peas, 2 lb. can $1.75 per doz 

Lard 10c per lb 

Lard Oil 85c per gal 

Castor Oil $1.75 per gal 

Coal Oil (No. 1) 27>£c per gal 

Onions, per 100 lbs 5Cc to 80c 

Irish Potatoes, per 100 lbs 50c to 60c 



Sweet Potatoes, per 100 lbs 90c 

Cabbage, per 100 lbs fcOc 

Flour (patent roller) per 100 lbs $2.25 

Corn Meal, per 100 lbs • - 2.25 

Raisins, per box $2,25 to 2.50 

Stock Salt, per 100 lbs 50c 

Liverpool Salt, per 100 lbs 1.20 

Washing Soap, per lb 5}£c 

Castile Soap, per lb 10c 

Corn Starch, per lb 10c 

Sugars, Gran. "C," per lb 7c 

Crushed Sugar, per lb 9c 

Granulated Sugar, per lb 8^c 

Syrup, per gal . . 55 to 65c 



FUENTIUEE. 



Bedroom Suits (cottage style) $25.00 

Bedroom Suits, walnut 60.00 

Bedroom Suits, oak or ash 40 00 

Parlor Suits 60. CO 



Bedsteads (cottage style) $5 to $7.00 

Chairs, wood seats 75c 

Chairs, cane seats $1.00 to $ l. 25 



CARPETS 

Extra, 2-ply, all Wool, per yd 85c I Ordinary Brussels, per yd ... . 

Ingrain Carpets, per yd 25c to 5(c | 



75c to 90c 



AY 28 1888 -r) ' ; 



All About the Golden State. 



How to Go There, Topography, Climate, Soil 
Products, Prices of Lands, 
Cost of Living, Etc. 



CLIMATIC AND OTHER MAPS. 



COPYKIGHTED AND PUBLISHED BY 

THE ALTHROP PUBLISHING AND MAILING HOUSE, CHICAGO. 
PRICE, 25 CENTS. 



BE SURE TO TAKE THE 



Burlington 
Route 

C.B.&Q.R. R. 



WHEN YOU TRAVEL BETWEEN THE 



East and West. 

It is the Great Through Line between Chicago, Peoria 
and St. Louis and the 

Resorts of Colorado, ===^= 
The Pacific Coast, 

Resorts OY THE Northwest 



As well as between all principal Puget Sound Points ; Portland, San Francisco, Los Angeles 
San Diego, and the City of Mexico. It runs daily Fast Trains, 
with Through Sleeping Cars, between 

Chicago and Denver. 

And is the Direct Line between Chicago, Peoria and St. Louis and 

DENVER, KANSAS CITY, 

OMAHA, ST. JOSEPH, 

COUNCIL BLUFFS, ATCHISON, 

CHEYENNE, ST. PAUL, 

LINCOLN, MINNEAPOLIS 



See that your Ticket Reads via the C, B. & Q. R R. 

It can be obtained of any Railroad Coupon Ticket Agent of its own or connecting lines. 
For further information regarding the Burlington Route, call on or address : 

W. D. Sanborn. Gen'l Agt., 

32 Montgomery St., San Francisco. 
A. C. Sheldon, Gen'l Agt. 

85 First St., Portland. 
Geo. H. Crosby, Gen'l Agt.,. 

1700 Larimer St., Denver. 



B. J. Swords. Gen'l Eastern Agt., 

317 Broadway, New York. 
H. D. Badgley, New England Pass. 

Agt., 306 Washington St., Boston. 
James Wallace. City Pass. Agt., 

211 Clark St., Chicago. 



Henry B. Stone, 

Gen'l Manager. 



Pattl Morton, 

Gen'l Pass. & Ticket Agt. 



CHICAGO, ILL. 



Parties desiring information about California, where to 
purchase Lands, Rates of Fare, etc. , can procure the 
same by addressing 

H. M. Yan Arman, 

AGENT, 

Southern Pacific Company, 

SHERMAN HOUSE, 

CHICAGO, ILL. 



He can give you information about prices of small tracts, 
and large tracts for subdivisions and for colonies. 

Sherman House 

CHICAGO, 

J. Ikying Pearce, Proprietor. 

Centrally Located, 

Rooms Well Furnished, 

Table Excellent, 

Terms Moderate, 

Cor. Clark and Randolph Streets, 

CHICAGO. 



